Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100506
Jiaxi Liu , Pengru Huang , Yongpeng Xia , Yanping Liu , Yumei Luo , Huanzhi Zhang , Yongjin Zou , Hailiang Chu , Gaixia Zhang , Shuhui Sun , Sergey P. Verevkin , Sergey V. Vostrikov , Lixian Sun , Fen Xu , Zongwen Liu , Hongge Pan
As a pivotal clean energy carrier with promising efficiency, environmental friendliness, and sustainability, hydrogen stands at the forefront of the global energy technology revolution. However, achieving the efficient storage, easy separation, and trace detection of hydrogen remain critical challenges. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have garnered attention because of their remarkable attributes, including high stability, single-phase reversibility, and a wide tunable range of composition and electronic structure. Commencing with a succinct background overview, we explore the pivotal role of theoretical methods in designing the phase structure and ensuring the stability of HEAs, focusing especially on diverse element types and contents. We then present a summary of prevalent methods for preparing HEAs, followed by a detailed examination of recent advances in their hydrogen-related properties, encompassing hydrogen storage, separation, and detection. Finally, we look at the existing challenges and offer perspectives on the trajectory of future research and applications in this promising technological domain.
{"title":"High-entropy alloys for hydrogen storage, separation, and detection: Recent progress and prospects","authors":"Jiaxi Liu , Pengru Huang , Yongpeng Xia , Yanping Liu , Yumei Luo , Huanzhi Zhang , Yongjin Zou , Hailiang Chu , Gaixia Zhang , Shuhui Sun , Sergey P. Verevkin , Sergey V. Vostrikov , Lixian Sun , Fen Xu , Zongwen Liu , Hongge Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a pivotal clean energy carrier with promising efficiency, environmental friendliness, and sustainability, hydrogen stands at the forefront of the global energy technology revolution. However, achieving the efficient storage, easy separation, and trace detection of hydrogen remain critical challenges. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have garnered attention because of their remarkable attributes, including high stability, single-phase reversibility, and a wide tunable range of composition and electronic structure. Commencing with a succinct background overview, we explore the pivotal role of theoretical methods in designing the phase structure and ensuring the stability of HEAs, focusing especially on diverse element types and contents. We then present a summary of prevalent methods for preparing HEAs, followed by a detailed examination of recent advances in their hydrogen-related properties, encompassing hydrogen storage, separation, and detection. Finally, we look at the existing challenges and offer perspectives on the trajectory of future research and applications in this promising technological domain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100506"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100460
Peng Feng , Kuan Yang , Xuanyou Liu , Jiujun Zhang , Zhi-Peng Li
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are next-generation energy conversion technologies that have attracted widespread attention due to their high efficiency, fuel flexibility, and environmental friendliness. The reversible reaction processes of the two can achieve power generation and energy storage in one device. This paper provides an extensive overview of the latest developments in the field of SOFCs and SOECs, including types, material synthesis, mechanism research, and system integration. First, we introduce the classification of current SOFCs/SOECs according to their different supports and conducting ions. Then, we summarize the synthesis methods and optimization strategies for key materials, including the latest developments in electrolytes, electrodes, and interconnects. Subsequently, the electrochemical mechanisms, including ion transport, electron conduction, electrochemical reaction kinetics, and interfacial phenomena, are analyzed in depth. This paper also outlines challenges and strategies for system integration, such as thermal management, fluid dynamics, and mechanical stress control. Through comprehensive analysis, this review aims to provide researchers with a holistic perspective and guidance for the future development of SOFCs and SOECs. We close by discussing the main challenges and future research directions for further promoting the commercialization and large-scale development of these technologies.
{"title":"A review of advanced SOFCs and SOECs: Materials, innovative synthesis, functional mechanisms, and system integration","authors":"Peng Feng , Kuan Yang , Xuanyou Liu , Jiujun Zhang , Zhi-Peng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are next-generation energy conversion technologies that have attracted widespread attention due to their high efficiency, fuel flexibility, and environmental friendliness. The reversible reaction processes of the two can achieve power generation and energy storage in one device. This paper provides an extensive overview of the latest developments in the field of SOFCs and SOECs, including types, material synthesis, mechanism research, and system integration. First, we introduce the classification of current SOFCs/SOECs according to their different supports and conducting ions. Then, we summarize the synthesis methods and optimization strategies for key materials, including the latest developments in electrolytes, electrodes, and interconnects. Subsequently, the electrochemical mechanisms, including ion transport, electron conduction, electrochemical reaction kinetics, and interfacial phenomena, are analyzed in depth. This paper also outlines challenges and strategies for system integration, such as thermal management, fluid dynamics, and mechanical stress control. Through comprehensive analysis, this review aims to provide researchers with a holistic perspective and guidance for the future development of SOFCs and SOECs. We close by discussing the main challenges and future research directions for further promoting the commercialization and large-scale development of these technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100460"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100481
Aonan Zhu , Ning Zhao , Yue Mao , Ling Yang , Ji Qi , Taghrid S. Alomar , Najla AlMasoud , Wei Xie
Facile reactant dissociation and weakly bound intermediates are essential for achieving both efficient and selective catalysis. However, these two factors are inherently interconnected, making their simultaneous optimization particularly challenging. Herein, we propose a decoupling strategy to circumvent this limitation and demonstrate it using a novel antenna-reactor catalyst constructed with single atom and plasmonic nanoparticles. By combining in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with density functional theory calculations, we reveal that nonequilibrium carriers significantly enhance hydrogen dissociation at Pd single-atom sites. Subsequently, these active hydrogen atoms spillover to adjacent Au surfaces, facilitating more favorable alkyne hydrogenation and alkene desorption processes. Consequently, the Pd SAC-Au photocatalyst exhibits remarkable catalytic performance, achieving a turnover frequency value of 3964 molC=C h−1 and demonstrating 99.99% conversion of phenylacetylene with 90% selectivity toward styrene under mild reaction conditions (298 K, 101.3 kPa). This approach offers a novel pathway to overcome traditional catalytic trade-off, highlighting the potential for designing high-performance single-atom catalysts for chemical reactions.
{"title":"Nonequilibrium carriers trigger hydrogen spillover for the highly efficient semihydrogenation of alkynes under ambient conditions","authors":"Aonan Zhu , Ning Zhao , Yue Mao , Ling Yang , Ji Qi , Taghrid S. Alomar , Najla AlMasoud , Wei Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Facile reactant dissociation and weakly bound intermediates are essential for achieving both efficient and selective catalysis. However, these two factors are inherently interconnected, making their simultaneous optimization particularly challenging. Herein, we propose a decoupling strategy to circumvent this limitation and demonstrate it using a novel antenna-reactor catalyst constructed with single atom and plasmonic nanoparticles. By combining <em>in situ</em> surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with density functional theory calculations, we reveal that nonequilibrium carriers significantly enhance hydrogen dissociation at Pd single-atom sites. Subsequently, these active hydrogen atoms spillover to adjacent Au surfaces, facilitating more favorable alkyne hydrogenation and alkene desorption processes. Consequently, the Pd SAC-Au photocatalyst exhibits remarkable catalytic performance, achieving a turnover frequency value of 3964 mol<sub>C</sub><sub>=</sub><sub>C</sub> <span><math><mrow><msup><msub><mtext>mol</mtext><mtext>Pd</mtext></msub><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> h<sup>−1</sup> and demonstrating 99.99% conversion of phenylacetylene with 90% selectivity toward styrene under mild reaction conditions (298 K, 101.3 kPa). This approach offers a novel pathway to overcome traditional catalytic trade-off, highlighting the potential for designing high-performance single-atom catalysts for chemical reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100481"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-09-23DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100477
Cheng Yang , Huawei Li , Senyao Meng , Yaqin Hou , Ping Wang , Jiasai Yao , Jiarui Yang , Zechao Zhuang , Tianbao Zhang , Rui Tan , Dingsheng Wang , Zhenxing Li
The controllable synthesis of palladium-based multi-rare-earth alloy nanomaterials via chemical methods poses a considerable challenge, owing to the low reduction potential and high oxophilicity of rare earth (RE) elements. Herein, a series of Pd-RE alloy nanoparticles, from binary to septenary alloy, is newly designed and synthesized through the single atom-enhanced chemical potential method. This synthetic strategy utilizes a single atom to effectively enhance the chemical potential of a rare earth atom, which thermodynamically favors the synthesis of a Pd-RE alloy. Using this general chemical synthesis method, we successfully synthesized 22 kinds of Pd-RE alloy nanoparticles, including 4 kinds of Pd-RE high-entropy alloy nanoparticles. The ErPd3 catalyst demonstrated outstanding electrocatalytic performance in acetylene hydrogenation: electron-enriched Pd sites facilitated acetylene adsorption and activation, while the incorporated Er effectively suppressed the competing hydrogen evolution reaction, thereby significantly enhancing the utilization efficiency of H∗. This work establishes a general strategy for designing Pd-RE alloy nanomaterials.
{"title":"Multi-rare-earth alloy nanoparticles from binary to septenary for electrocatalytic semi-hydrogenation of acetylene","authors":"Cheng Yang , Huawei Li , Senyao Meng , Yaqin Hou , Ping Wang , Jiasai Yao , Jiarui Yang , Zechao Zhuang , Tianbao Zhang , Rui Tan , Dingsheng Wang , Zhenxing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The controllable synthesis of palladium-based multi-rare-earth alloy nanomaterials via chemical methods poses a considerable challenge, owing to the low reduction potential and high oxophilicity of rare earth (RE) elements. Herein, a series of Pd-RE alloy nanoparticles, from binary to septenary alloy, is newly designed and synthesized through the single atom-enhanced chemical potential method. This synthetic strategy utilizes a single atom to effectively enhance the chemical potential of a rare earth atom, which thermodynamically favors the synthesis of a Pd-RE alloy. Using this general chemical synthesis method, we successfully synthesized 22 kinds of Pd-RE alloy nanoparticles, including 4 kinds of Pd-RE high-entropy alloy nanoparticles. The ErPd<sub>3</sub> catalyst demonstrated outstanding electrocatalytic performance in acetylene hydrogenation: electron-enriched Pd sites facilitated acetylene adsorption and activation, while the incorporated Er effectively suppressed the competing hydrogen evolution reaction, thereby significantly enhancing the utilization efficiency of H∗. This work establishes a general strategy for designing Pd-RE alloy nanomaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100477"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-07-25DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100456
Jingqin Ji , Hui Wang , Yanlan Zhao , Yan Wang , Kaifeng Wang , Yuexin Cui , Ridha Djellabi , Chuan Xia , Xu Zhao , Xiangming He
The generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a compound with diverse applications, via the two-electron (2e−) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has garnered extensive attention in both laboratory research and industrial settings. The integration of non-noble metals such as Co, Fe, Ni, Zn, Mn, Mo, or Bi into nitrogen-doped carbon (M–N–C) matrices with defined structures and active metal center sites has emerged as a promising approach for fabricating electrocatalysts for the ORR. This review uncovers the latest advancements in the development of noble metal-free single-atom electrocatalysts (M–N–C SAECs) and electrochemical reactors aimed at enhancing and stabilizing H2O2 production from the 2e− ORR. Firstly, the review explores the basics of the ORR for H2O2 production and the impact of electrochemical conditions. Subsequently, the synthesis strategies and characterization methods of various M–N–C SAECs are examined in depth. In addition, the structural attributes of both conventional and altered M–N–C SAECs are meticulously investigated, and the importance of engineering and optimizing reactors to elevate H2O2 yields is highlighted. This review identifies the challenges and technological hurdles in bridging the gap between laboratory-scale research and practical, real-world applications.
{"title":"Noble metal-free single-atom electrocatalysts and reactor engineering for enhanced hydrogen peroxide generation via two-electron oxygen reduction reaction","authors":"Jingqin Ji , Hui Wang , Yanlan Zhao , Yan Wang , Kaifeng Wang , Yuexin Cui , Ridha Djellabi , Chuan Xia , Xu Zhao , Xiangming He","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The generation of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), a compound with diverse applications, via the two-electron (2e<sup>−</sup>) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has garnered extensive attention in both laboratory research and industrial settings. The integration of non-noble metals such as Co, Fe, Ni, Zn, Mn, Mo, or Bi into nitrogen-doped carbon (M–N–C) matrices with defined structures and active metal center sites has emerged as a promising approach for fabricating electrocatalysts for the ORR. This review uncovers the latest advancements in the development of noble metal-free single-atom electrocatalysts (M–N–C SAECs) and electrochemical reactors aimed at enhancing and stabilizing H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production from the 2e<sup>−</sup> ORR. Firstly, the review explores the basics of the ORR for H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production and the impact of electrochemical conditions. Subsequently, the synthesis strategies and characterization methods of various M–N–C SAECs are examined in depth. In addition, the structural attributes of both conventional and altered M–N–C SAECs are meticulously investigated, and the importance of engineering and optimizing reactors to elevate H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> yields is highlighted. This review identifies the challenges and technological hurdles in bridging the gap between laboratory-scale research and practical, real-world applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100456"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-09-17DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100474
Xing Wu , Huiling Peng , Lei Zhang , Yaheng Geng , Zehao Yu , Mengjiao Li , Yuhong Nie , Zichao Yan , Mingshan Han , Yuxiang Hu , Zhiqiang Zhu
Organic electrode materials with renewability, environmental benignity, and structural tunability have attracted increasing attention for lithium-ion batteries, but their practical application is hindered by low mass loadings (< 2 mg cm−2) and inadequate areal capacities (< 0.5 mAh cm−2), primarily due to low electronic conductivity and sluggish ion diffusion. Here, we address these limitations by introducing a scalable spray-drying method to synthesize hierarchical organic/carbon composites. By using lithium terephthalate (Li2TP), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and polyvinylpyrrolidone as precursors, we fabricate Li2TP-H, a composite featuring Li2TP nanoparticles (∼20 nm) assembled into microspheres with 3D CNTs networks. This hierarchical design ensures efficient ion and electron transport, yielding a high capacity retention of 91.6% (from 298 to 273 mAh g−1) when increasing mass loading from 2 to 43 mg cm−2. The resulting areal capacity of 11.7 mAh cm−2 ranks among the highest reported for organic electrodes. Moreover, the methodology is extendable to other carboxylate-based compounds, with all derivatives exhibiting enhanced performance under a high-mass-loading of 10 mg cm−2. This work provides a new paradigm for developing high-areal-capacity organic electrodes, representing a pivotal step toward commercializing organic battery technologies.
具有可再生性、环境友好性和结构可调性的有机电极材料越来越受到锂离子电池的关注，但其实际应用受到低质量负载（< 2mg cm - 2）和面积容量（< 0.5 mAh cm - 2）的阻碍，主要是由于电子电导率低和离子扩散缓慢。在这里，我们通过引入一种可扩展的喷雾干燥方法来合成分层有机/碳复合材料来解决这些限制。通过使用对苯二甲酸锂（Li2TP）、碳纳米管（CNTs）和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮作为前体，我们制备了Li2TP- h，这是一种将Li2TP纳米颗粒（~ 20 nm）组装成具有3D碳纳米管网络的微球的复合材料。这种分层设计确保了高效的离子和电子传输，当质量负载从2增加到43 mg cm - 2时，产生91.6%的高容量保留（从298到273 mAh g - 1）。所得的面积容量为11.7 mAh cm−2，是有机电极中最高的。此外，该方法可扩展到其他羧酸基化合物，所有衍生物在10 mg cm−2的高质量负载下表现出增强的性能。这项工作为开发高面积容量有机电极提供了一个新的范例，代表了有机电池技术商业化的关键一步。
{"title":"Scalable and universal synthesis of hierarchical organic/carbon composites towards practical organic batteries","authors":"Xing Wu , Huiling Peng , Lei Zhang , Yaheng Geng , Zehao Yu , Mengjiao Li , Yuhong Nie , Zichao Yan , Mingshan Han , Yuxiang Hu , Zhiqiang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic electrode materials with renewability, environmental benignity, and structural tunability have attracted increasing attention for lithium-ion batteries, but their practical application is hindered by low mass loadings (< 2 mg cm<sup>−2</sup>) and inadequate areal capacities (< 0.5 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup>), primarily due to low electronic conductivity and sluggish ion diffusion. Here, we address these limitations by introducing a scalable spray-drying method to synthesize hierarchical organic/carbon composites. By using lithium terephthalate (Li<sub>2</sub>TP), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and polyvinylpyrrolidone as precursors, we fabricate Li<sub>2</sub>TP-H, a composite featuring Li<sub>2</sub>TP nanoparticles (∼20 nm) assembled into microspheres with 3D CNTs networks. This hierarchical design ensures efficient ion and electron transport, yielding a high capacity retention of 91.6% (from 298 to 273 mAh g<sup>−1</sup>) when increasing mass loading from 2 to 43 mg cm<sup>−2</sup>. The resulting areal capacity of 11.7 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup> ranks among the highest reported for organic electrodes. Moreover, the methodology is extendable to other carboxylate-based compounds, with all derivatives exhibiting enhanced performance under a high-mass-loading of 10 mg cm<sup>−2</sup>. This work provides a new paradigm for developing high-areal-capacity organic electrodes, representing a pivotal step toward commercializing organic battery technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100474"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-07-29DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100459
Bing Wu , Weihao Song , Jiaying Peng , Qing Ma , Masatsugu Fujishige , Morinobu Endo , Jin Niu , Feng Wang
Driven by the new energy industry’s rapid growth, surging demand for lithium/zinc raw materials has accelerated polymetallic ore mining. Cadmium ions (Cd2+), as co-existing heavy metal pollutants in smelting wastewater, pose environmental challenges while inspiring innovative solutions. This work introduces a green corrosion approach achieving > 99% removal of Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ via Zn foil functionalization. During controlled corrosion, Cd2+ are directly reduced to metallic Cd by Zn, while generated Zn2+ form Zn5(OH)8Cl2⋅H2O (ZCH) nanosheet arrays in situ. A gelatin-assisted low-temperature pyrolysis then converts these products into a carbon/Cd/zinc oxide (ZO-Cd-GC) multilayer on Zn foil, which creates a local gradient in Zn anode properties: enhanced zincophilicity, improved Zn2+ desolvation, and suppressed hydrogen evolution from electrolyte to anode. The resulting Zn@ZO-Cd-GC anode enables uniform electron/ion transport, fast kinetics, suppressed side reactions, and dendrite-free deposition. Symmetric cells with this anode exhibit an ultra-long lifetime exceeding 6000 h at 2 mA cm−2/1 mAh cm−2 and stable operation without short-circuiting at 20 mA cm−2. A Zn@ZO-Cd-GC||NH4V4O10 pouch cell delivers a high discharge capacity and maintains stability over 2000 cycles at 33.75 mA cm−2.
在新能源产业快速增长的带动下，锂/锌原料需求激增，加速了多金属矿开采。镉离子（Cd2+）作为冶炼废水中共存的重金属污染物，在激发创新解决方案的同时，也给环境带来了挑战。这项工作介绍了一种绿色腐蚀方法，通过锌箔功能化实现了99%的Cd2+， Pb2+和Cu2+的去除。在控制腐蚀过程中，Cd2+被Zn直接还原为金属Cd，而Zn2+则在原位形成Zn5(OH)8Cl2⋅H2O （ZCH）纳米片阵列。然后明胶辅助低温热解将这些产物转化为锌箔上的碳/Cd/氧化锌（ZO-Cd-GC）多层，从而在锌阳极性能上产生局部梯度：增强亲锌性，改善Zn2+的脱溶，抑制氢从电解质向阳极的析出。由此产生的Zn@ZO-Cd-GC阳极能够实现均匀的电子/离子传输，快速动力学，抑制副反应和无枝晶沉积。具有这种阳极的对称电池在2 mA cm - 2/1 mAh cm - 2下具有超过6000小时的超长寿命，并且在20 mA cm - 2下稳定运行而不短路。Zn@ZO-Cd-GC||NH4V4O10袋电池提供高放电容量，并在33.75 mA cm−2下保持超过2000次循环的稳定性。
{"title":"Inspired by green corrosion chemistry and wastewater remediation: A high-performance Zn anode with locally gradient microstructures","authors":"Bing Wu , Weihao Song , Jiaying Peng , Qing Ma , Masatsugu Fujishige , Morinobu Endo , Jin Niu , Feng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Driven by the new energy industry’s rapid growth, surging demand for lithium/zinc raw materials has accelerated polymetallic ore mining. Cadmium ions (Cd<sup>2+</sup>), as co-existing heavy metal pollutants in smelting wastewater, pose environmental challenges while inspiring innovative solutions. This work introduces a green corrosion approach achieving > 99% removal of Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and Cu<sup>2+</sup> via Zn foil functionalization. During controlled corrosion, Cd<sup>2+</sup> are directly reduced to metallic Cd by Zn, while generated Zn<sup>2+</sup> form Zn<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>8</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>⋅H<sub>2</sub>O (ZCH) nanosheet arrays <em>in situ</em>. A gelatin-assisted low-temperature pyrolysis then converts these products into a carbon/Cd/zinc oxide (ZO-Cd-GC) multilayer on Zn foil, which creates a local gradient in Zn anode properties: enhanced zincophilicity, improved Zn<sup>2+</sup> desolvation, and suppressed hydrogen evolution from electrolyte to anode. The resulting Zn@ZO-Cd-GC anode enables uniform electron/ion transport, fast kinetics, suppressed side reactions, and dendrite-free deposition. Symmetric cells with this anode exhibit an ultra-long lifetime exceeding 6000 h at 2 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>/1 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup> and stable operation without short-circuiting at 20 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>. A Zn@ZO-Cd-GC||NH<sub>4</sub>V<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> pouch cell delivers a high discharge capacity and maintains stability over 2000 cycles at 33.75 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100459"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-09-29DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100478
Aqiang Liu , Jifeng Yuan , Yongge Yang , Hong Lian , Yuwei Guo , Xuyong Yang , Wojciech Pisula , Shuanglong Wang
Recent developments in perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have been driven by strategies for modulating crystallization that precisely control nucleation, growth, and crystal structures. This review provides a multi-scale perspective on perovskite crystallization by integrating knowledge-driven theories with data-driven insights to propel the development of PeLEDs. We first outline classical nucleation and growth models, establishing the theoretical foundations of crystallization dynamics. We then examine state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques, highlighting their unparalleled capacity to resolve spatiotemporal crystallization processes. A systematic discussion follows on the critical role of crystallization modulation, including film morphology tuning, crystal structure control, and preferred orientation management—three key factors for optimizing optoelectronic properties. Finally, we explore persistent challenges and emerging opportunities in crystallization design. By bridging theoretical frameworks with experimental advancements, this work aims to refine crystallization control for high-performance and stable PeLEDs.
{"title":"Crystallization modulation in perovskite light-emitting diodes","authors":"Aqiang Liu , Jifeng Yuan , Yongge Yang , Hong Lian , Yuwei Guo , Xuyong Yang , Wojciech Pisula , Shuanglong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent developments in perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have been driven by strategies for modulating crystallization that precisely control nucleation, growth, and crystal structures. This review provides a multi-scale perspective on perovskite crystallization by integrating knowledge-driven theories with data-driven insights to propel the development of PeLEDs. We first outline classical nucleation and growth models, establishing the theoretical foundations of crystallization dynamics. We then examine state-of-the-art <em>in situ</em> characterization techniques, highlighting their unparalleled capacity to resolve spatiotemporal crystallization processes. A systematic discussion follows on the critical role of crystallization modulation, including film morphology tuning, crystal structure control, and preferred orientation management—three key factors for optimizing optoelectronic properties. Finally, we explore persistent challenges and emerging opportunities in crystallization design. By bridging theoretical frameworks with experimental advancements, this work aims to refine crystallization control for high-performance and stable PeLEDs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100478"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100480
Jun Su Kim , Yoonbin Kim , Sang Ha Baek , Yonggoon Jeon , Suhwan Kim , Won Il Kim , Dong Wook Kim , Hongdae Lee , Shengyang Huang , Hyun Chul Kim , Jeongyeon Lee , Yong Min Lee , Atsuo Yamada , Jungwon Park , Ho Seok Park
Herein, we report the molecular engineering of anion-fluxing polymeric metal phthalocyanines (MTPs) by controlling the types of metal centers and incorporating lithiophilic linkers to achieve ultrastable Li metal batteries. Spectroscopic characterization, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and computational simulations demonstrate that the Co–N4 sites of Co in the incorporated MTP (CoTP) facilitate the local accumulation and directional flux of TFSI anions, inducing the formation of uniform, dense LiF-rich solid electrolyte interphases. As a result of this interfacial chemistry, symmetric cells with CoTP@CC–Li exhibited outstanding cycling stability, exceeding 2500 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. CoTP@CC–Li||LiFePO4 full cells operated stably for over 600 cycles under fast charge/discharge conditions, with a high-mass-loading cathode of 20 mg cm−2. CoTP@CC–Li||LiFePO4 pouch cells demonstrated stable cyclability under demanding practical conditions, including a low N/P ratio of 2.5, high cathode mass loading (23.53 mg cm−2), and lean electrolyte usage (5 g Ah−1). Furthermore, CoTP@CC-enabled anode-free full cells achieved exceptional stability over 500 cycles, even under stringent conditions (NCM811 mass loading of 20 mg cm−2 and lean electrolyte usage of 3 g Ah−1). These results highlight the effectiveness of the anion-flux interfacial engineering strategy for enabling stable and reversible Li deposition under demanding conditions.
本文报道了通过控制金属中心的类型和加入亲锂连接剂来实现阴离子通量聚合金属酞菁（MTPs）的分子工程，以实现超稳定的锂金属电池。光谱表征、低温透射电镜和计算模拟表明，Co在掺杂MTP （CoTP）中的Co - n4位点促进了TFSI阴离子的局部积累和定向通量，诱导形成均匀、致密的富liff固体电解质界面。由于这种界面化学，含有CoTP@CC -Li的对称电池表现出出色的循环稳定性，在1ma cm - 2和1mah cm - 2下超过2500小时。CoTP@CC -Li ||LiFePO4全电池在快速充放电条件下稳定运行超过600次，阴极质量负载为20 mg cm−2。CoTP@CC -Li ||LiFePO4袋电池在苛刻的实际条件下表现出稳定的可循环性，包括低N/P比2.5，高阴极质量负载（23.53 mg cm−2）和低电解质使用量（5 g Ah−1）。此外，CoTP@CC-enabled无阳极全电池即使在严格的条件下（NCM811质量负载为20 mg cm - 2，贫电解质使用量为3 g Ah - 1），也能在500次循环中实现卓越的稳定性。这些结果强调了阴离子通量界面工程策略在苛刻条件下实现稳定可逆锂沉积的有效性。
{"title":"Two-dimensional polymeric metal phthalocyanines with anion fluxing and Li-ion-conducting properties for lithium metal full batteries","authors":"Jun Su Kim , Yoonbin Kim , Sang Ha Baek , Yonggoon Jeon , Suhwan Kim , Won Il Kim , Dong Wook Kim , Hongdae Lee , Shengyang Huang , Hyun Chul Kim , Jeongyeon Lee , Yong Min Lee , Atsuo Yamada , Jungwon Park , Ho Seok Park","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, we report the molecular engineering of anion-fluxing polymeric metal phthalocyanines (MTPs) by controlling the types of metal centers and incorporating lithiophilic linkers to achieve ultrastable Li metal batteries. Spectroscopic characterization, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and computational simulations demonstrate that the Co–N<sub>4</sub> sites of Co in the incorporated MTP (CoTP) facilitate the local accumulation and directional flux of TFSI anions, inducing the formation of uniform, dense LiF-rich solid electrolyte interphases. As a result of this interfacial chemistry, symmetric cells with CoTP@CC–Li exhibited outstanding cycling stability, exceeding 2500 h at 1 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> and 1 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup>. CoTP@CC–Li||LiFePO<sub>4</sub> full cells operated stably for over 600 cycles under fast charge/discharge conditions, with a high-mass-loading cathode of 20 mg cm<sup>−2</sup>. CoTP@CC–Li||LiFePO<sub>4</sub> pouch cells demonstrated stable cyclability under demanding practical conditions, including a low N/P ratio of 2.5, high cathode mass loading (23.53 mg cm<sup>−2</sup>), and lean electrolyte usage (5 g Ah<sup>−1</sup>). Furthermore, CoTP@CC-enabled anode-free full cells achieved exceptional stability over 500 cycles, even under stringent conditions (NCM811 mass loading of 20 mg cm<sup>−2</sup> and lean electrolyte usage of 3 g Ah<sup>−1</sup>). These results highlight the effectiveness of the anion-flux interfacial engineering strategy for enabling stable and reversible Li deposition under demanding conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100480"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2025.100471
Xinru Wang , Mengqi Li , Lijie Yu , Bingbing Chen , Mengnan Cui , Haishun Gao , Xueliang Yang , Xuning Zhang , Jianhui Chen
Wide-band gap perovskites combined with silicon (Si) in tandem solar cells offer a cost-effective path to industrialization. However, surface recombination at the buried interface of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and the edge surface of Si solar cells affects their efficiency and stability. Herein, we design a multi-site passivation agent to simultaneously suppress defect recombination in hole transfer layer (HTL) surface, perovskite buried interface, and Si edge for efficient tandem solar cells. The increased ratio of Ni3+/Ni2+ reduces the nickel oxide (NiOx)/perovskite interface reaction and improves the conductivity of the NiOx HTL. The reconstructed underlayer is more propitious to the perovskite deposition, which releases the residual strain, resulting in the enhancement of the efficiency and stability of PSCs. Moreover, the multi-site passivation agent presents a distinctive passivation effect for edge surface of Si solar cells. Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 21.95% and 20.01% are obtained at opaque and semitransparent PSCs, respectively. Additionally, a four-terminal tandem solar cell exhibits a PCE of 31.02% with +1.19%abs PCE increase for bottom cell by edge surface passivation. Overall, this work provides a simple and multi-site surface defect passivation strategy for obtaining high-efficiency and stable perovskite and perovskite tandem solar cells.
{"title":"Multi-site passivation agent for efficient tandem solar cells: Simultaneously suppressing defect recombination in NiOx surface, perovskite buried interface, and silicon edge","authors":"Xinru Wang , Mengqi Li , Lijie Yu , Bingbing Chen , Mengnan Cui , Haishun Gao , Xueliang Yang , Xuning Zhang , Jianhui Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esci.2025.100471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wide-band gap perovskites combined with silicon (Si) in tandem solar cells offer a cost-effective path to industrialization. However, surface recombination at the buried interface of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and the edge surface of Si solar cells affects their efficiency and stability. Herein, we design a multi-site passivation agent to simultaneously suppress defect recombination in hole transfer layer (HTL) surface, perovskite buried interface, and Si edge for efficient tandem solar cells. The increased ratio of Ni<sup>3+</sup>/Ni<sup>2+</sup> reduces the nickel oxide (NiO<sub><em>x</em></sub>)/perovskite interface reaction and improves the conductivity of the NiO<sub><em>x</em></sub> HTL. The reconstructed underlayer is more propitious to the perovskite deposition, which releases the residual strain, resulting in the enhancement of the efficiency and stability of PSCs. Moreover, the multi-site passivation agent presents a distinctive passivation effect for edge surface of Si solar cells. Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 21.95% and 20.01% are obtained at opaque and semitransparent PSCs, respectively. Additionally, a four-terminal tandem solar cell exhibits a PCE of 31.02% with +1.19%abs PCE increase for bottom cell by edge surface passivation. Overall, this work provides a simple and multi-site surface defect passivation strategy for obtaining high-efficiency and stable perovskite and perovskite tandem solar cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100489,"journal":{"name":"eScience","volume":"6 2","pages":"Article 100471"},"PeriodicalIF":36.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号