Wild and captive immature orangutans differ in their non-vocal communication with others, but not with their mothers

IF 1.9 2区 生物学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Pub Date : 2024-01-15 DOI:10.1007/s00265-023-03426-3
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Abstract

In many group-living species, individuals are required to flexibly modify their communicative behaviour in response to current social challenges. To unravel whether sociality and communication systems co-evolve, research efforts have often targeted the links between social organisation and communicative repertoires. However, it is still unclear which social or interactional factors directly predict communicative complexity. To address this issue, we studied wild and zoo-housed immature orangutans of two species to assess the impact of the socio-ecological setting on the production of non-vocal signal repertoires. Specifically, we compared repertoire size, dyadic repertoire similarity, and number of social goals (i.e. observer’s estimate of the signaller’s intended interaction outcome) for communicative interactions with mothers versus other conspecifics, controlling for critical individual and environmental factors. In this small sample of immature orangutans, wild-captive contrasts were statistically significant only for other-directed repertoires, but not for mother-directed repertoires, and not for the number of social goals that immatures communicated towards. While the repertoires of individuals living in the same research setting were more similar than those living in contrasting settings, this difference was most pronounced for other-directed repertoires of the less socially tolerant orangutan species. These results suggest that the boosted interactional opportunities in captivity rather than mere differences in environmental affordances or communicative needs drive the wild-captive contrast in orangutan communicative repertoires. Overall, this fine-grained analysis of repertoires further underscores that not only a species’ social organisation but also the targeted audience may have a profound impact on communicative behaviour.

Significance statement

Navigating a dynamic social environment often requires flexible signal use. While it has repeatedly been shown that the social organisation and structure of species predict the complexity of their communication systems, the mechanisms underlying these relationships are largely unknown. Because targeted studies to assess this issue in great apes are difficult, we take an alternative approach here: we compare the same species living in the wild and in artificial habitats in captivity. This contrast allows a direct test of how repertoires respond to the relevant difference in socio-ecological conditions. Our results show that the diversity of interaction partners (i.e. social opportunities), but not the diversity of social goals (i.e. possible interaction outcomes) or the broader physical opportunities (i.e. safe ground use), predict the size and consistency of wild and captive signalling repertoires.

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野生和人工饲养的未成年红毛猩猩在与他人进行非语言交流方面存在差异,但与母亲的交流却没有差异
摘要 在许多群居物种中,个体需要灵活地改变其交流行为,以应对当前的社会挑战。为了揭示社会性和交流系统是否共同进化,研究工作通常以社会组织和交流能力之间的联系为目标。然而,目前还不清楚哪些社会或互动因素能直接预测交流的复杂性。为了解决这个问题,我们研究了野生和动物园饲养的两个物种的未成年猩猩,以评估社会生态环境对非发声信号剧目产生的影响。具体来说,我们比较了与母亲和其他同种动物进行交流互动时的信号库大小、双亲信号库相似性和社会目标数量(即观察者对信号发出者预期互动结果的估计),并控制了关键的个体和环境因素。在这个未成年猩猩的小样本中,野生与人工饲养猩猩的对比仅在他者引导的重复使用方面具有统计学意义,而在母亲引导的重复使用方面没有,在未成年猩猩交流的社会目标数量方面也没有。虽然生活在同一研究环境中的个体比生活在截然不同环境中的个体的行为表现更为相似,但这种差异在社会容忍度较低的猩猩物种的他向行为表现中最为明显。这些结果表明,是圈养环境中互动机会的增加,而不仅仅是环境负担能力或交流需求的差异,导致了猩猩交流剧目中野生与圈养环境的反差。总之,这种对语汇的精细分析进一步强调,不仅是物种的社会组织,目标受众也可能对交际行为产生深远影响。 意义声明 在动态的社会环境中航行通常需要灵活地使用信号。虽然已有多次研究表明,物种的社会组织和结构可预测其交流系统的复杂性,但这些关系的内在机制在很大程度上还不为人所知。由于很难在类人猿中开展有针对性的研究来评估这一问题,因此我们在这里采用了另一种方法:我们对生活在野外和人工饲养栖息地的同一物种进行了比较。通过这种对比,我们可以直接检验出,在社会生态条件存在相关差异的情况下,类群是如何做出反应的。我们的结果表明,互动伙伴的多样性(即社交机会),而非社交目标的多样性(即可能的互动结果)或更广泛的物理机会(即安全使用地面),可以预测野生和人工饲养的信号组合的规模和一致性。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.90
自引率
8.70%
发文量
146
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The journal publishes reviews, original contributions and commentaries dealing with quantitative empirical and theoretical studies in the analysis of animal behavior at the level of the individual, group, population, community, and species.
期刊最新文献
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