Neurobiology of cognitive abilities in early childhood autism

JCPP advances Pub Date : 2024-01-20 DOI:10.1002/jcv2.12214
Kristina Denisova
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Abstract

This perspective considers complexities in the relationship between impaired cognitive abilities and autism from a maturational, developmental perspective, and aims to serve as a helpful guide for the complex and growing investigation of cognitive abilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Low Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and ASD are frequently co-occurring. About 37% of 8-year old children and 48% of 4-year old children diagnosed with ASD also have Intellectual Disability, with IQ below 70. And, low IQ in early infancy, including below 1 year of age, carries a 40% greater chance of receiving ASD diagnosis in early childhood. We consider the evidence that may explain this co-occurrence, including the possibility that high IQ may “rescue” the social communication issues, as well as the possible role of critical periods during growth and development. We consider how early low IQ may subsume a part of a subgroup of individuals with ASD, in particular, those diagnosed with autism in very early childhood, and we provide neurobiological evidence in support of this subtype. Moreover, we distinguish the concept of early low IQ from the delay in speech onset in preschool and school-aged children, based on (i) age and (ii) impairments in both verbal and non-verbal domains. The etiology of these early-diagnosed, early low IQ ASD cases is different from later-diagnosed, average or higher-IQ cases, and from children with speech delay onset. Given recent interest in formulating new subtypes of autism, rather than continuing to conceive of ASD as a spectrum, as well as new subtypes that vary in the degree of severity along the spectrum, we identify gaps in knowledge and directions for future work in this complex and growing area.

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幼儿自闭症认知能力的神经生物学
本视角从成熟和发展的角度出发,探讨认知能力受损与自闭症之间关系的复杂性,旨在为认知能力与自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)之间复杂且不断发展的研究提供有益的指导。低智商(IQ)和自闭症谱系障碍经常同时存在。约有 37% 的 8 岁儿童和 48% 的 4 岁儿童被诊断出患有 ASD,同时也患有智障,智商低于 70。而且,婴儿早期(包括 1 岁以下)智商低,幼儿期被诊断为 ASD 的几率会增加 40%。我们考虑了可以解释这种并发症的证据,包括高智商可以 "挽救 "社会交往问题的可能性,以及生长发育关键期的可能作用。我们考虑了早期低智商如何可能包含一部分自闭症患者,尤其是那些在儿童早期就被诊断为自闭症的患者,并提供了神经生物学证据来支持这一亚型。此外,我们还根据(i)年龄和(ii)言语和非言语领域的障碍,将早期低智商的概念与学龄前和学龄儿童的语言发育迟缓区分开来。这些早期诊断的早期低智商 ASD 病例的病因与后期诊断的平均智商或较高智商病例不同,也与言语发育迟缓的儿童不同。鉴于最近人们对自闭症新亚型的兴趣,而不是继续将自闭症视为一个谱系,以及新亚型沿谱系的严重程度不同,我们确定了这一复杂且不断发展的领域的知识差距和未来工作方向。
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Issue Information Implementing open science and reproducible research practices in mental health research through registered reports Special educational needs provision and academic outcomes for children with teacher reported language difficulties at school entry Examining the association of neighborhood conditions on attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in autistic youth using the child opportunity index 2.0 The trajectory of anxiety symptoms during the transition from childhood to young adulthood is predicted by IQ and sex, but not polygenic risk scores
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