Functional morphology and ultrastructure of the mouth apparatus in the freshwater mite larvae Limnochares aquatica (L., 1758) (Acariformes, Limnocharidae)

Abstract

The mouth apparatus in larvae of the freshwater mite Limnochares aquatica (L., 1758) (Acariformes, Limnocharidae), belonging to the lower Hydrachnidia, was studied with light microscopy, scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, as well as with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to reveal its main morphological and functional characteristics. The gnathosoma, functioning as a mouth organ takes a prognathous position, and inclines to the body axial line at the angle of around 30°. The gnathosoma is composed of segments of the two pairs of anterior appendages and their derivatives – two-segmented chelicerae lying above the infracapitulum – the compound medial portion of the palpal coxae, and five-segmented palps, articulated with the infracapitulum laterally. The palp tibia bears the bifid palpal claw facing downward nearly at right angle. The basal cheliceral segments are free, i.e., are not covered with the integumental fold posteriorly, and do not fuse with each other. Apically, they articulate with the relatively short movable digits composed of the basal portion (lever) and the distal portion (the cheliceral blades) curved upward by their ends. The flexible fixed digits protrude forward from the distal parts of the basal cheliceral segments. The ventral wall of the gnathosoma (mentum) transforms into a very specific papillary area (velum). A papillary area with long slim papillae is formed of a light cuticle and likely acts as a sucker but does not have contractile elements. The hypostome possesses the well developed lateral lips (galea) tightly embracing the distal portions of the chelicerae and hiding the movable digits. The roof of the infracapitulum (the cervix, or epistome) lying beneath the chelicerae, shows a compound structure. Anteriorly it connects with the inner hypostomal walls forming a particular pharyngeal ring framing the narrow mouth opening. We saw no evidence of a labrum. A characteristic valve projects forward from the dorsal surface of the cervix. A crescent-shaped pharynx runs along the bottom of the infracapitulum and is attached but not fused with the cuticle of the papillary area. The dorsal pharyngeal dilators originate on the cervix, sigmoid pieces and the lateral walls of the infracapitulum at their junction with the dorsal walls of the basal cheliceral segments. A pair of sigmoid pieces having small cavities inside serves for termination of the cheliceral elevators originated on the posterior portions of the dorsal walls of the basal cheliceral segments. The organizational pattern of the gnathosoma in larvae of L. aquatica is rather specific and is quite different from those of other aquatic or terrestrial parasitengonin larvae.