Toxicological analyses of the venoms of Nigerian vipers Echis ocellatus and Bitis arietans.

IF 3.6 Q1 TROPICAL MEDICINE Tropical Medicine and Health Pub Date : 2024-01-29 DOI:10.1186/s41182-024-00581-9
Emeka John Dingwoke, Fatima Adis Adamude, Aliyu Salihu, Mujitaba Suleiman Abubakar, Abdullahi Balarabe Sallau
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Abstract

Background: Among the medically important snakes in Nigeria, Echis ocellatus and Bitis arietans have the most lethal venom. These venoms were classified according to the presence of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2s), and snake venom serine proteases (SVSPs). Toxicological analyzes were performed to understand the significance of different protein families in venoms.

Methods: Proteins were separated from venom using column chromatography. The skin and footpad of mice were used to determine hemorrhagic and edematogenic activities. Caprine blood plasma was used to test fibrinolytic activity in vitro.

Results: The results showed that, compared to the crude venom, the SVMP fraction induced hemorrhagic effects with a diameter of 26.00 ± 1.00 mm in E. ocellatus and 21.33 ± 1.52 mm in B. arietans. Both SVSP and SVMP had anticoagulant effects; however, the SVSP fraction had a stronger effect, with a longer anticoagulation time of 30.00 ± 3.00 min in E. ocellatus and 26.00 ± 2.00 min in B. arietans. These main venom toxins, SVMPs, SVSPs, and PLA2, were found to have edema-forming effects that were optimal at 2 h after envenomation. PLA2s had the highest edema-inducing activity, with onset 30 min after envenomation.

Conclusions: Given the importance of SVMPs in altering the integrity of the membrane structure and impairing the blood coagulation system, an antivenom that can specifically neutralize its activity could inhibit the hemorrhage effects of the venoms.

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尼日利亚毒蛇 Echis ocellatus 和 Bitis arietans 毒液的毒理学分析。
背景:在尼日利亚具有重要医疗价值的蛇类中,Echis ocellatus 和 Bitis arietans 的毒液最具致命性。根据蛇毒金属蛋白酶(SVMPs)、蛇毒磷脂酶 A2(PLA2s)和蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶(SVSPs)的存在情况对这些毒液进行了分类。进行毒理学分析以了解毒液中不同蛋白家族的重要性:方法:使用柱色谱法从毒液中分离蛋白质。用小鼠的皮肤和脚垫测定出血和水肿活性。用山羊血浆测试体外纤溶活性:结果表明,与粗制毒液相比,SVMP 部分在 E. ocellatus 和 B. arietans 中引起的出血效应直径分别为 26.00 ± 1.00 毫米和 21.33 ± 1.52 毫米。SVSP和SVMP都有抗凝血作用;但SVSP部分的作用更强,对E. ocellatus和B. arietans的抗凝时间分别为30.00 ± 3.00分钟和26.00 ± 2.00分钟。研究发现,这些主要毒液毒素、SVMPs、SVSPs 和 PLA2 都具有水肿作用,在毒液中毒后 2 小时达到最佳效果。PLA2s 的水肿诱导活性最高,在被毒液侵袭 30 分钟后开始起效:结论:鉴于SVMPs在改变膜结构完整性和损害血液凝固系统方面的重要性,一种能够特异性中和其活性的抗蛇毒血清可以抑制蛇毒的出血效应。
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来源期刊
Tropical Medicine and Health
Tropical Medicine and Health TROPICAL MEDICINE-
CiteScore
7.00
自引率
2.20%
发文量
90
审稿时长
11 weeks
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