Photoinduced Toxicity Caused by Gold Nanozymes and Photodynamic Dye Encapsulated in Submicron Polymer Shell

Abstract

The development of nanozymes, artificial enzymes made from inorganic nanoparticles, is widely studied due to their affordability, durability, and strength. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are employed to imitate peroxidase, glucose oxidase, lactate oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. The last one transforms intracellular hydrogen peroxide into molecular oxygen, whose deficiency is characteristic of the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Thus, gold nanoparticles are thought to enhance the overall effectiveness of photodynamic therapy. However, the enzyme-like activity of nanoparticles rapidly decreases in biological media, due to the aggregation and formation of the so-called “protein corona”. In this study, polymeric submicrocapsules loaded with AuNPs and a photodynamic dye are fabricated via Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly. The enhancement of photodynamic treatment efficacy by in situ production of oxygen by the catalase-like effect of AuNPs is investigated. Polymeric capsules are thoroughly characterized in terms of physicochemical and catalytic properties, and as a proof of concept, their therapeutic potential is evaluated in vitro. Furthermore, encapsulated AuNPs shows significantly lower aggregation both upon storage and during the reaction course. The results shows that the polymer capsules, containing AuNPs and photodynamic dye, show significantly higher light-induced cytotoxicity in comparison to the individual photodynamic dye, suggesting a synergistic effect between the formation of molecular oxygen by catalase-like gold nanozymes and photodynamic action.