{"title":"Konstantin Gedroiz (1872–1932)—the Initial Studies of Soil Colloid Chemistry and Soil Salinity","authors":"","doi":"10.3103/s0147687423050058","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>We present a review of the life and scientific legacy of the founder of soil colloid chemistry Konstantin Gedroiz. The phenomenon of absorption was first studied in the mid-1800s, and Gedroiz started working on base exchange and absorption in soils in 1906. Based on the general pattern of cation exchange reactions, he proposed the concept of “absorption capacity” and “soil absorption complex”, developed ideas about exchange acidity and the rate of exchange reactions, revealed the unique role of absorbed sodium and potassium in soil processes, and proposed the theory of the accumulation of sodium due to exchange reactions. He was one of the first to classify soil on the basis of the absorbing complexes and cations, which was a new approach in pedology. He used the climate classification of soils, and described Podzols, Laterites, and Chernozems in terms of their absorbing complexes and cations. The system of classification worked for mature soils in which pedogenic processes had proceeded to such an extent that the profile characteristics reflected a climatic region, but was less effective in alluvial soils and eroded soils. His studies established the connections between chemical and physical processes and the morphology of soils. He studied the evolution of saline soils from a chemical point of view, which led to the practical recommendations for chemical reclamation of Solonetz and liming of acidic soils. Gedroiz’s work was groundbreaking but insufficiently known outside Russia until his books have been translated into English and German in the late 1920s. The soil microbiologist Selman Waksman in the 1925 translated 11 of his papers into English, and the United State Department of Agriculture distributed copies of these translations. In 1927 a textbook on chemical analysis, “Die chemische Bodenanalyse”, was published; in 1930 the books “Der adsorbierende Bodenkomplex und die adsorbierten Bodenkationen als Grundlage der genetischen Bodenklassification” and “On the Problem of exchangeable Hydrogen and exchangeable Aluminium in acid soils”, a 1931 – “Die Lehre vom Adsorptionsvermögen der Böden”.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687423050058","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
We present a review of the life and scientific legacy of the founder of soil colloid chemistry Konstantin Gedroiz. The phenomenon of absorption was first studied in the mid-1800s, and Gedroiz started working on base exchange and absorption in soils in 1906. Based on the general pattern of cation exchange reactions, he proposed the concept of “absorption capacity” and “soil absorption complex”, developed ideas about exchange acidity and the rate of exchange reactions, revealed the unique role of absorbed sodium and potassium in soil processes, and proposed the theory of the accumulation of sodium due to exchange reactions. He was one of the first to classify soil on the basis of the absorbing complexes and cations, which was a new approach in pedology. He used the climate classification of soils, and described Podzols, Laterites, and Chernozems in terms of their absorbing complexes and cations. The system of classification worked for mature soils in which pedogenic processes had proceeded to such an extent that the profile characteristics reflected a climatic region, but was less effective in alluvial soils and eroded soils. His studies established the connections between chemical and physical processes and the morphology of soils. He studied the evolution of saline soils from a chemical point of view, which led to the practical recommendations for chemical reclamation of Solonetz and liming of acidic soils. Gedroiz’s work was groundbreaking but insufficiently known outside Russia until his books have been translated into English and German in the late 1920s. The soil microbiologist Selman Waksman in the 1925 translated 11 of his papers into English, and the United State Department of Agriculture distributed copies of these translations. In 1927 a textbook on chemical analysis, “Die chemische Bodenanalyse”, was published; in 1930 the books “Der adsorbierende Bodenkomplex und die adsorbierten Bodenkationen als Grundlage der genetischen Bodenklassification” and “On the Problem of exchangeable Hydrogen and exchangeable Aluminium in acid soils”, a 1931 – “Die Lehre vom Adsorptionsvermögen der Böden”.
摘要 我们对土壤胶体化学创始人康斯坦丁-格德罗伊茨的生平和科学遗产进行了回顾。19 世纪中期，人们开始研究吸收现象，格德罗伊茨于 1906 年开始研究土壤中的碱基交换和吸收。他根据阳离子交换反应的一般规律，提出了 "吸收能力 "和 "土壤吸收复合体 "的概念，发展了关于交换酸度和交换反应速率的观点，揭示了吸收的钠和钾在土壤过程中的独特作用，并提出了交换反应导致钠积累的理论。他是最早根据吸收络合物和阳离子对土壤进行分类的人之一，这是土壤学的一种新方法。他采用了土壤的气候分类法，并根据土壤的吸收复合体和阳离子对 Podzols、Laterites 和 Chernozems 进行了描述。该分类系统适用于成土，因为成土过程已经发展到一定程度，其剖面特征反映了一个气候区域，但对冲积土和侵蚀土的效果较差。他的研究建立了化学和物理过程与土壤形态之间的联系。他从化学角度研究了盐碱土的演变，从而提出了对索洛涅茨进行化学开垦和对酸性土壤进行石灰化处理的实用建议。格德罗伊茨的工作具有开创性，但在俄罗斯之外却鲜为人知，直到 20 世纪 20 年代末，他的著作才被翻译成英文和德文。1925 年，土壤微生物学家塞尔曼-瓦克斯曼（Selman Waksman）将他的 11 篇论文翻译成英文，美国农业部分发了这些译本。1927 年出版了化学分析教科书《Die chemische Bodenanalyse》；1930 年出版了《Der adsorbierende Bodenkomplex und die adsorbierten Bodenkationen als Grundlage der genetischen Bodenklassification》和《On the Problem of exchangeable Hydrogen and exchangeable Aluminium in acid soils》，1931 年出版了《Die Lehre vom Adsorptionsvermögen der Böden》。
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