Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700285
V. V. Stolbova, A. I. Shcheglov, G. I. Agapkina, D. V. Manakov, O. B. Tsvetnova
Abstract
This article presents the results of measurement of the toxicity of soils with a specific activity of Cs137 in the range of 3.3 × 102 to 1.3 × 106 Bq/kg; the flux density of β-particles and dose rate of γ-radiation on the surface of a bulk sample were 5.4–192.7 imp/s/cm2 and 0.2–2.7 µSv/h, respectively. The forms of toxicity were detected in a solid-phase biotest with Allium cepa L., which simulated the situation of external irradiation of dividing cells in contact with soil. The toxic effect was assessed relative to the control as mitotoxicity by the decrease in the mitotic index and as genotoxicity based on the induction of chromosomal aberrations, taking into account the contribution of the clastogenic effect. The value of the mitotic index in a series of biotests with contaminated soil decreased to 8.6 ± 1.1–14.6 ± 2.3% compared to the control proliferation level of 14.9 ± 1.2%. At the same time, the frequency of chromosomal aberrations increased from 4.7 ± 0.3 to 18.2 ± 3.3% at a control level of 3.9 ± 0.5%, with an increase to 68% of the proportion of pathologies due to clastogenic effects on chromosomes. A number of significant correlations have been revealed between the values of toxicity indices and indicators of radioactive contamination of soils.
{"title":"Forms of Soil Toxicity in Areas with a High Degree of Long-Term Radionuclide Contamination Identified by a Solid-Phase Biotest with Allium cepa","authors":"V. V. Stolbova, A. I. Shcheglov, G. I. Agapkina, D. V. Manakov, O. B. Tsvetnova","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700285","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This article presents the results of measurement of the toxicity of soils with a specific activity of Cs<sup>137</sup> in the range of 3.3 × 10<sup>2</sup> to 1.3 × 10<sup>6</sup> Bq/kg; the flux density of β-particles and dose rate of γ-radiation on the surface of a bulk sample were 5.4–192.7 imp/s/cm<sup>2</sup> and 0.2–2.7 µSv/h, respectively. The forms of toxicity were detected in a solid-phase biotest with <i>Allium cepa</i> L., which simulated the situation of external irradiation of dividing cells in contact with soil. The toxic effect was assessed relative to the control as mitotoxicity by the decrease in the mitotic index and as genotoxicity based on the induction of chromosomal aberrations, taking into account the contribution of the clastogenic effect. The value of the mitotic index in a series of biotests with contaminated soil decreased to 8.6 ± 1.1–14.6 ± 2.3% compared to the control proliferation level of 14.9 ± 1.2%. At the same time, the frequency of chromosomal aberrations increased from 4.7 ± 0.3 to 18.2 ± 3.3% at a control level of 3.9 ± 0.5%, with an increase to 68% of the proportion of pathologies due to clastogenic effects on chromosomes. A number of significant correlations have been revealed between the values of toxicity indices and indicators of radioactive contamination of soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700121
O. A. Makarov, V. V. Demidov, D. V. Karpova, P. S. Shulga, D. R. Abdulkhanova, E. N. Esafova, E. N. Kubarev, V. I. Mikhaylovsky
Abstract
Soil erosion, as a type of land degradation, affects various human economic interests. It is shown that the most promising areas of erosion studies where economic methods can be applied are assessment of actual damage from soil erosion, determination of the amount of probable damage from erosion processes in soils, and economic analysis in the development of sustainable land use systems for areas with soils subject to erosion. The group of methods for determining economic damage, including those which take into account ecosystem services that soils “lose” as a result of erosion processes, is characterized by the greatest development. Methods for assessing the risk of soil erosion have a significant development potential, since an extensive database of predictive models and equations (USLE, RUSLE, RUSLE-2, WEPP, EUROSE, CREAMS, EPIC, VNIIZiZPE, etc.) has been created, which make it possible to assess indicators of soil erosion in the future. Sustainable land use systems are developed using the neoclassical capital theory, which requires that the fertility of soil and net social benefits from nonmarket goods and services from agricultural lands should be maintained over time. Thus, it is possible to create compensatory taxation mechanisms for areas with the manifestation of soil erosion processes.
{"title":"Economic Assessment of Eroded Soils: Current State and Development Prospects","authors":"O. A. Makarov, V. V. Demidov, D. V. Karpova, P. S. Shulga, D. R. Abdulkhanova, E. N. Esafova, E. N. Kubarev, V. I. Mikhaylovsky","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700121","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Soil erosion, as a type of land degradation, affects various human economic interests. It is shown that the most promising areas of erosion studies where economic methods can be applied are assessment of actual damage from soil erosion, determination of the amount of probable damage from erosion processes in soils, and economic analysis in the development of sustainable land use systems for areas with soils subject to erosion. The group of methods for determining economic damage, including those which take into account ecosystem services that soils “lose” as a result of erosion processes, is characterized by the greatest development. Methods for assessing the risk of soil erosion have a significant development potential, since an extensive database of predictive models and equations (USLE, RUSLE, RUSLE-2, WEPP, EUROSE, CREAMS, EPIC, VNIIZiZPE, etc.) has been created, which make it possible to assess indicators of soil erosion in the future. Sustainable land use systems are developed using the neoclassical capital theory, which requires that the fertility of soil and net social benefits from nonmarket goods and services from agricultural lands should be maintained over time. Thus, it is possible to create compensatory taxation mechanisms for areas with the manifestation of soil erosion processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700182
A. T. Barabanov, M. R. Shaifullin, A. V. Kulik, O. A. Gordienko
Abstract
The paper studies the influence of shrubs in a runoff-regulating forest belt of a combined (dense–blown–lattice) design on the natural factors of meltwater runoff formation: snow accumulation, freezing depth and soil moisture. The research was conducted at the Amphitheater runoff-erosion station in agroforestry landscapes of a dry-steppe natural zone (Volgograd) with the use of the water-balance method at runoff sites. During the field experiment with different placement of shrubs in three- or four-row forest belts (in the middle, on the upper edge, on the lower edge, and on both sides), a positive role in increasing the ameliorative effect of runoff-regulating forest belts was established: reduction of freezing depth, accumulation of snow reserves, and additional moisture in the soil. In terms of impact on natural factors of meltwater runoff, the placement of shrubs in the flow-regulating forest belt of combined design on the lower and upper edges was the most effective. This measure provided better snow accumulation inside the forest belt and increased soil moisture in it. Thus, when creating new erosion control measures, it is necessary to introduce shrubbery into the composition of runoff-regulating forest belts, which affects the natural factors of runoff formation—snow accumulation, freezing depth, and soil moisture—and contributes to the reduction of surface runoff of melt water.
{"title":"The Influence of Low-Growing Shrubs in Runoff-Regulating Forest Belts on the Formation of Water Runoff Factors of Meltwater","authors":"A. T. Barabanov, M. R. Shaifullin, A. V. Kulik, O. A. Gordienko","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700182","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The paper studies the influence of shrubs in a runoff-regulating forest belt of a combined (dense–blown–lattice) design on the natural factors of meltwater runoff formation: snow accumulation, freezing depth and soil moisture. The research was conducted at the Amphitheater runoff-erosion station in agroforestry landscapes of a dry-steppe natural zone (Volgograd) with the use of the water-balance method at runoff sites. During the field experiment with different placement of shrubs in three- or four-row forest belts (in the middle, on the upper edge, on the lower edge, and on both sides), a positive role in increasing the ameliorative effect of runoff-regulating forest belts was established: reduction of freezing depth, accumulation of snow reserves, and additional moisture in the soil. In terms of impact on natural factors of meltwater runoff, the placement of shrubs in the flow-regulating forest belt of combined design on the lower and upper edges was the most effective. This measure provided better snow accumulation inside the forest belt and increased soil moisture in it. Thus, when creating new erosion control measures, it is necessary to introduce shrubbery into the composition of runoff-regulating forest belts, which affects the natural factors of runoff formation—snow accumulation, freezing depth, and soil moisture—and contributes to the reduction of surface runoff of melt water.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700169
A. P. Zhidkin, D. V. Fomicheva, E. A. Zazdravnykh
Abstract
The article presents an analysis of the thickness of humus horizons in chernozems and gray forest soils measured at more than a thousand survey sites on three plots with an area of about 10000 ha each in the northern (Orel oblast), central (Kursk oblast), and southern (Belgorod oblast) forest-steppe on the Central Russian Upland. The measured thicknesses of the humus horizons were compared with the model thicknesses. The thickness of humus horizons was simulated with the consideration of the rates of soil erosion and self-restoration. We used erosion models WaTEM/SEDEM (rainfall erosion) and that of the State Hydrological Institute modified by Larionov (snowmelt erosion) and Krasnov, which were previously verified on small catchments on the studied plots or near them. Land use history was reconstructed using historical maps. The approach enabled us to model with sufficient accuracy mean erosion losses of soils and calculate the mean modern thickness of the humus horizon. The obtained results of comparisons of measured and simulated thicknesses of the humus horizon clearly indicate the significant role of soil self-restoration in formation of erosion–accumulation patterns of the soil cover. Insufficient consideration of soil self-restoration results in a significant underestimation of the calculated thickness of the humus horizon and, as a consequence, in an overestimation of the degree of soil erosion. The rate of self-restoration of chernozems and (Luvic Retic Greyzemic Phaeozems) about 0.4 mm/yr, which corresponds to published data of case studies. There is an increase in differences between the model and measured thicknesses of the humus layer in the sequence chernozem–dark gray forest soil–gray forest soil–(Luvic Greyzemic Phaeozems). Plowing of gray forest soils obviously favors an increase in the flow of dissolved humus, as well as pedoturbation, which could potentially contribute to errors in the measurement of the thickness of the humus horizon in terrain conditions and to underestimation of the degree of degradation of the soil cover in the northern forest-steppe.
{"title":"Erosion and Self-Restoration of Soils on the Central Russian Upland","authors":"A. P. Zhidkin, D. V. Fomicheva, E. A. Zazdravnykh","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700169","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The article presents an analysis of the thickness of humus horizons in chernozems and gray forest soils measured at more than a thousand survey sites on three plots with an area of about 10000 ha each in the northern (Orel oblast), central (Kursk oblast), and southern (Belgorod oblast) forest-steppe on the Central Russian Upland. The measured thicknesses of the humus horizons were compared with the model thicknesses. The thickness of humus horizons was simulated with the consideration of the rates of soil erosion and self-restoration. We used erosion models WaTEM/SEDEM (rainfall erosion) and that of the State Hydrological Institute modified by Larionov (snowmelt erosion) and Krasnov, which were previously verified on small catchments on the studied plots or near them. Land use history was reconstructed using historical maps. The approach enabled us to model with sufficient accuracy mean erosion losses of soils and calculate the mean modern thickness of the humus horizon. The obtained results of comparisons of measured and simulated thicknesses of the humus horizon clearly indicate the significant role of soil self-restoration in formation of erosion–accumulation patterns of the soil cover. Insufficient consideration of soil self-restoration results in a significant underestimation of the calculated thickness of the humus horizon and, as a consequence, in an overestimation of the degree of soil erosion. The rate of self-restoration of chernozems and (Luvic Retic Greyzemic Phaeozems) about 0.4 mm/yr, which corresponds to published data of case studies. There is an increase in differences between the model and measured thicknesses of the humus layer in the sequence chernozem–dark gray forest soil–gray forest soil–(Luvic Greyzemic Phaeozems). Plowing of gray forest soils obviously favors an increase in the flow of dissolved humus, as well as pedoturbation, which could potentially contribute to errors in the measurement of the thickness of the humus horizon in terrain conditions and to underestimation of the degree of degradation of the soil cover in the northern forest-steppe.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700261
X. Li, J. Gao, N. R. Kriuchkov
Abstract
Water erosion is one of the most extensive processes of soil and land degradation. This process significantly deteriorates the quality of ecosystem services provided. Studying the mechanism and consequences of this phenomenon will help develop strategies to mitigate its impact on the environment. One of the challenges in studying water erosion is the high cost of conducting field research over large areas. Another challenge is the limitation of existing models, which are often developed for specific regions. Our research aims to address these problems by adapting the widely used RUSLE2 model to local conditions. Beijing was chosen as the study area due to its rich information resources and extensive results from field measurements of soil water erosion. Calculations were performed using a raster data model, which included a slope angle model, slope length, soil erodibility, rainfall erosion potential factors from precipitation and snowmelt, land use types, and vegetation cover management factors. All data were taken from open sources. The average soil erosion in the studied area was 25 t · ha–1 per year. The discrepancy with other studies was less than 1%. The modified RUSLE2 model showed good results, correlating with other studies in this area.
{"title":"Adaptation of the RUSLE2 Model to Assess Soil Losses Due To Water Erosion in the Northern Part of the Great Chinese Plain (Using the Example of Beijing)","authors":"X. Li, J. Gao, N. R. Kriuchkov","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700261","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Water erosion is one of the most extensive processes of soil and land degradation. This process significantly deteriorates the quality of ecosystem services provided. Studying the mechanism and consequences of this phenomenon will help develop strategies to mitigate its impact on the environment. One of the challenges in studying water erosion is the high cost of conducting field research over large areas. Another challenge is the limitation of existing models, which are often developed for specific regions. Our research aims to address these problems by adapting the widely used RUSLE2 model to local conditions. Beijing was chosen as the study area due to its rich information resources and extensive results from field measurements of soil water erosion. Calculations were performed using a raster data model, which included a slope angle model, slope length, soil erodibility, rainfall erosion potential factors from precipitation and snowmelt, land use types, and vegetation cover management factors. All data were taken from open sources. The average soil erosion in the studied area was 25 t · ha<sup>–1</sup> per year. The discrepancy with other studies was less than 1%. The modified RUSLE2 model showed good results, correlating with other studies in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700297
L. A. Garetova, G. V. Kharitonova, E. L. Imranova, Z. N. Tyugai, G. Sambuu
Abstract
Oil production facilities exercise severe technogenic impact on dry-steppe chestnut soils (Kastanozems) of the Tamsagbulag oilfield. This paper estimates the degree of soil contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons and mechanical disturbance of the soil cover. It has been established that technogenic impact on chestnut soils due to oil production is manifested in a high variability of physicochemical parameters in the surface horizon: aqueous extract mineralization varies from 32.5 to 325.0 mg/L; specific electrical conductivity, from 65.4 to 647.0 μS/cm; while concentration of hydrocarbons (HCs), from 7 to 647 mg/kg. Only in a few cases, HC concentrations exceed the background level established for oil production zones (100 mg/kg) by 3.2 and 6.5 times. The HC proportion in the total organic carbon content (Corg) varies in a wide range: from 0.01 to 6.20%. Gas chromatographic analysis of the molecular-weight distribution of n‑alkanes in the HC composition showed that high molecular weight (C27–C39) homologues with high enough transformation degrees of individual odd-numbered n-alkanes prevail in the surface soil horizon. The proportion of medium molecular weight homologues (∑C22–C25) does not exceed 8% of the total content of n-alkanes. In the soil microbial community, heterotrophic bacteria (HB) predominate among ecological–trophic groups of microorganisms (unicellular bacteria, actinomycetes, and micromycetes); the proportion of oil-oxidizing bacteria in the total HB count reaches 9.1–39.3%. Degradation of petroleum HCs is accompanied by the formation of a wide range of volatile organic compounds. The quantitative and qualitative composition of oil components in the surface horizon is determined by two processes: HC vertical migration and transformation. Together, these processes offset the accumulation of oil in the surface soil horizon.
{"title":"Hydrocarbons in Soils of the Tamsagbulag Oilfield (Eastern Mongolia)","authors":"L. A. Garetova, G. V. Kharitonova, E. L. Imranova, Z. N. Tyugai, G. Sambuu","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700297","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Oil production facilities exercise severe technogenic impact on dry-steppe chestnut soils (Kastanozems) of the Tamsagbulag oilfield. This paper estimates the degree of soil contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons and mechanical disturbance of the soil cover. It has been established that technogenic impact on chestnut soils due to oil production is manifested in a high variability of physicochemical parameters in the surface horizon: aqueous extract mineralization varies from 32.5 to 325.0 mg/L; specific electrical conductivity, from 65.4 to 647.0 μS/cm; while concentration of hydrocarbons (HCs), from 7 to 647 mg/kg. Only in a few cases, HC concentrations exceed the background level established for oil production zones (100 mg/kg) by 3.2 and 6.5 times. The HC proportion in the total organic carbon content (<i>C</i><sub>org</sub>) varies in a wide range: from 0.01 to 6.20%. Gas chromatographic analysis of the molecular-weight distribution of <i>n</i>‑alkanes in the HC composition showed that high molecular weight (C<sub>27</sub>–C<sub>39</sub>) homologues with high enough transformation degrees of individual odd-numbered <i>n</i>-alkanes prevail in the surface soil horizon. The proportion of medium molecular weight homologues (∑C<sub>22</sub>–C<sub>25</sub>) does not exceed 8% of the total content of <i>n</i>-alkanes. In the soil microbial community, heterotrophic bacteria (HB) predominate among ecological–trophic groups of microorganisms (unicellular bacteria, actinomycetes, and micromycetes); the proportion of oil-oxidizing bacteria in the total HB count reaches 9.1–39.3%. Degradation of petroleum HCs is accompanied by the formation of a wide range of volatile organic compounds. The quantitative and qualitative composition of oil components in the surface horizon is determined by two processes: HC vertical migration and transformation. Together, these processes offset the accumulation of oil in the surface soil horizon.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700194
G. N. Fedotov, D. A. Tarasenko, V. V. Demidov, I. V. Gorepekin, M. N. Egorova, A. I. Sukharev
Abstract
Kuznetsov’s formula relates the parameters of erosion resistance and soil water stability. However, the mechanism of occurrence of these properties is different: water stability is explained by the action of intra-aggregate hydrophobic bonds in organomineral soil gels, and erosion resistance is explained by water stable aggregates and their adhesion to each other. There is a contradiction in the proposed mechanisms of two similar phenomena. The purpose of the work was to clarify the mechanism of erosion resistance of soils and compare it with the mechanism of formation of water stability. The work used samples of humus-accumulative soil horizons: sod-podzolic and leached chernozem. To obtain samples with the same aggregate composition, but differing in erosion resistance, it is proposed to use soil polymer ameliorants (SPMs). The erosion resistance of soils was determined on a hydrolotter and the critical rate of flushing was calculated. The water stability of the soils was assessed by the blade method. The particle size in the solutions was estimated by laser diffractometry. It was found that, on soils treated with SPMs, the results of the tray and blade methods correlate by 99%. The high correlation suggests a common nature of intra- and interaggregate bonds. To test the role of hydrophobic interactions in the formation of aggregates resistant to water, polymers of varying degrees of hydrophobicity were added to aqueous humate solutions in a model experiment: polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyacrylamide (PAA), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). In parallel, the water stability of soils treated with PEG, PAA, and PVA was evaluated. Analysis of the results showed that the greatest water stability of the aggregates was noted when the most hydrophobic polymer, polyvinyl alcohol, was added to the soil, which formed the largest particles when interacting with humate in the model experiment. These results confirm the role of hydrophobic interactions in the formation of aggregates and indicate that when selecting polymer structures, their interaction should be taken into account not with clay minerals, but with soil gels, which include clay minerals and humic substances.
{"title":"The Relationship between the Mechanisms of Formation of Erosion Resistance and Soil Water Stability","authors":"G. N. Fedotov, D. A. Tarasenko, V. V. Demidov, I. V. Gorepekin, M. N. Egorova, A. I. Sukharev","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700194","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Kuznetsov’s formula relates the parameters of erosion resistance and soil water stability. However, the mechanism of occurrence of these properties is different: water stability is explained by the action of intra-aggregate hydrophobic bonds in organomineral soil gels, and erosion resistance is explained by water stable aggregates and their adhesion to each other. There is a contradiction in the proposed mechanisms of two similar phenomena. The purpose of the work was to clarify the mechanism of erosion resistance of soils and compare it with the mechanism of formation of water stability. The work used samples of humus-accumulative soil horizons: sod-podzolic and leached chernozem. To obtain samples with the same aggregate composition, but differing in erosion resistance, it is proposed to use soil polymer ameliorants (SPMs). The erosion resistance of soils was determined on a hydrolotter and the critical rate of flushing was calculated. The water stability of the soils was assessed by the blade method. The particle size in the solutions was estimated by laser diffractometry. It was found that, on soils treated with SPMs, the results of the tray and blade methods correlate by 99%. The high correlation suggests a common nature of intra- and interaggregate bonds. To test the role of hydrophobic interactions in the formation of aggregates resistant to water, polymers of varying degrees of hydrophobicity were added to aqueous humate solutions in a model experiment: polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyacrylamide (PAA), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). In parallel, the water stability of soils treated with PEG, PAA, and PVA was evaluated. Analysis of the results showed that the greatest water stability of the aggregates was noted when the most hydrophobic polymer, polyvinyl alcohol, was added to the soil, which formed the largest particles when interacting with humate in the model experiment. These results confirm the role of hydrophobic interactions in the formation of aggregates and indicate that when selecting polymer structures, their interaction should be taken into account not with clay minerals, but with soil gels, which include clay minerals and humic substances.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700236
A. V. Gorobets, S. F. Krasnov, O. G. Bushueva
Abstract
The erodibility of model soils has been studied using the methodology of washing out soil samples with a water flow in a hydrodynamic tube. Compared to the traditional method of vertical loading of cartridges, the new method of forming soil samples using horizontal loading has made it possible to obtain a more homogeneous resistance of samples during their erosion with the water flow; the layers of soil aggregates were formed perpendicularly to the water flow. The use of the Poseidon measuring device has made it possible to obtain erosion rates in real time, evaluate the quality of sample preparation, and analyze the data for their rejection, in particular, at the beginning and end of the experiments. In addition, the use of the device has allowed us to skip some operations needed to clarify the data of the experiments at their early termination (the consideration of the remainder of a sample, which requires its drying to determine the amount of eroded soil by the mass difference). The data files generated by the device at the end of the experiments significantly simplified their processing and considerably reduced the required time. The coefficient of variation in the erosion rate decreased by an average of 12% using the new method of sample preparation compared to the traditional one. Moisture ranges with minimum erodibility have been established for model soils. The dependences of the soil erosion rate on the water flow velocity in the range of 0.5–2.5 m/s have been demonstrated. The results confirm the correlation of the soil erosion rate with the cube of flow velocity. Soil erodibility was determined as the coefficient of proportionality between the soil erosion rate and the cube of flow velocity. The maximum erodibility coefficient is typical for agro-gray soil (179 × 10–6), while the minimum value was determined for agrochernozem (53.0 × 10–6 s2/m2). Agro-sod–podzol soil is characterized by an intermediate value of the erodibility coefficient: 80.3 × 10–6 s2/m2. The proposed methodological approaches and the experimental results can further be used to estimate the erodibility of soils and grounds and model samples with a polyfractional composition close to the natural one.
{"title":"Peculiarities of Experimental Assessment of Soil Erodibility","authors":"A. V. Gorobets, S. F. Krasnov, O. G. Bushueva","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700236","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The erodibility of model soils has been studied using the methodology of washing out soil samples with a water flow in a hydrodynamic tube. Compared to the traditional method of vertical loading of cartridges, the new method of forming soil samples using horizontal loading has made it possible to obtain a more homogeneous resistance of samples during their erosion with the water flow; the layers of soil aggregates were formed perpendicularly to the water flow. The use of the Poseidon measuring device has made it possible to obtain erosion rates in real time, evaluate the quality of sample preparation, and analyze the data for their rejection, in particular, at the beginning and end of the experiments. In addition, the use of the device has allowed us to skip some operations needed to clarify the data of the experiments at their early termination (the consideration of the remainder of a sample, which requires its drying to determine the amount of eroded soil by the mass difference). The data files generated by the device at the end of the experiments significantly simplified their processing and considerably reduced the required time. The coefficient of variation in the erosion rate decreased by an average of 12% using the new method of sample preparation compared to the traditional one. Moisture ranges with minimum erodibility have been established for model soils. The dependences of the soil erosion rate on the water flow velocity in the range of 0.5–2.5 m/s have been demonstrated. The results confirm the correlation of the soil erosion rate with the cube of flow velocity. Soil erodibility was determined as the coefficient of proportionality between the soil erosion rate and the cube of flow velocity. The maximum erodibility coefficient is typical for agro-gray soil (179 × 10<sup>–6</sup>), while the minimum value was determined for agrochernozem (53.0 × 10<sup>–6</sup> s<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>). Agro-sod–podzol soil is characterized by an intermediate value of the erodibility coefficient: 80.3 × 10<sup>–6</sup> s<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>. The proposed methodological approaches and the experimental results can further be used to estimate the erodibility of soils and grounds and model samples with a polyfractional composition close to the natural one.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700224
V. P. Bondarev, M. S. Radomyslskiy
Abstract
Land degradation is a global problem of mankind, the greatest contribution to which belongs to aridity and soil erosion. The social consequences of land degradation are extremely important, but poorly conceptualized issues. This makes it difficult to create effective research programs to study them. The article provides an overview of the issues under consideration. An expert study was conducted to identify a problem field in the field of studying the social consequences of land degradation. By interviewing nine recognized scientific experts in the field of land degradation studies, the most reliable judgments were identified, which served as a basis for highlighting the main forms of manifestation of the social consequences of land degradation. Private research concepts were compiled, which consist in highlighting the position of each expert on the main consequences of land degradation. As a result, a generalized expert model of the problem field of the social consequences of land degradation was formed. According the model all experts note the interdisciplinary nature of the study of the issues under consideration, which are placed at the intersection of environmental, economic, and social problems. The overwhelming majority of experts noted the direct nature of the effect of land degradation on the formation of social consequences. Thanks to the integration of individual ideas, it was possible to identify characteristics for which there are discrepancies. This provides an opportunity for a broader study of the social consequences of land degradation. However, there is an expert opinion that the social consequences are rather indirect and are realized through resource problems. Some experts draw attention to the fact that there are the extreme forms of land degradation that significantly increases the manifestation of social consequences. According to experts, land degradation can lead to change in social status, a decrease in the recreational potential of land, hunger, a change in life expectancy and loss of jobs, increased stratification of society, changes in the cost of housing and a change in the type of land use, reduction in the use of land for agricultural needs, and changes in people’s attitudes to more individualistic ones. It was also noted that the use of products from degraded lands could lead to an increase in cancer incidence in the region. Conceptualization and identification of these problems could help to focus efforts in the field of studying the social problems of land degradation.
{"title":"Social Aspects of Land Degradation from the Viewpoint of Experts of the Scientific Community","authors":"V. P. Bondarev, M. S. Radomyslskiy","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700224","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Land degradation is a global problem of mankind, the greatest contribution to which belongs to aridity and soil erosion. The social consequences of land degradation are extremely important, but poorly conceptualized issues. This makes it difficult to create effective research programs to study them. The article provides an overview of the issues under consideration. An expert study was conducted to identify a problem field in the field of studying the social consequences of land degradation. By interviewing nine recognized scientific experts in the field of land degradation studies, the most reliable judgments were identified, which served as a basis for highlighting the main forms of manifestation of the social consequences of land degradation. Private research concepts were compiled, which consist in highlighting the position of each expert on the main consequences of land degradation. As a result, a generalized expert model of the problem field of the social consequences of land degradation was formed. According the model all experts note the interdisciplinary nature of the study of the issues under consideration, which are placed at the intersection of environmental, economic, and social problems. The overwhelming majority of experts noted the direct nature of the effect of land degradation on the formation of social consequences. Thanks to the integration of individual ideas, it was possible to identify characteristics for which there are discrepancies. This provides an opportunity for a broader study of the social consequences of land degradation. However, there is an expert opinion that the social consequences are rather indirect and are realized through resource problems. Some experts draw attention to the fact that there are the extreme forms of land degradation that significantly increases the manifestation of social consequences. According to experts, land degradation can lead to change in social status, a decrease in the recreational potential of land, hunger, a change in life expectancy and loss of jobs, increased stratification of society, changes in the cost of housing and a change in the type of land use, reduction in the use of land for agricultural needs, and changes in people’s attitudes to more individualistic ones. It was also noted that the use of products from degraded lands could lead to an increase in cancer incidence in the region. Conceptualization and identification of these problems could help to focus efforts in the field of studying the social problems of land degradation.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3103/s0147687424700273
I. V. Agurova, D. V. Syshchykov, A. S. Berezovskiy
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the adsorption capacity of degraded soils on agricultural lands (through the example of agricultural farms in the southern part of the Shakhtersk raion, Donetsk People’s Republic). The following soil parameters were analyzed: total exchangeable bases, exchangeable calcium content, and exchangeable magnesium content. To examine the soil cover of agricultural lands, model sites featuring various degradation degrees were selected taking into account the following factors: prevalence of the disturbance type within the study area, anthropogenic transformation degree, and type of cultivated crop. Soil sampling was performed in September 2023. The most significant decrease in total exchangeable bases was recorded on sites left fallow after the following preceding crops: sunflower, corn, and wheat. Compared to the control, total exchangeable bases values on such sites were lower by 56–85%. The exchangeable calcium content in soils of the studied agrocoenoses varied from 5.5 to 38.08 mmol-equiv/(100 g) soil depending on the site position in the landscape, crop rotation link, and type of cultivated crop. The lack of a proper soil maintenance system on the studied sites affects the exchangeable calcium content that has decreased on average by 42.7–84.8%. The proportion of magnesium in the total exchangeable bases ranged from 14.3 to 20.6%. The most significant decrease in the exchangeable calcium and magnesium content compared to the control was recorded on sites used for sunflower cultivation and on sites left fallow, where the cumulative effect of several unfavorable factors (sloping surface and preceding crops with higher levels of removal of mineral nutrition elements) affects these parameters.
{"title":"Changes in Soil Adsorption Capacity under the Impact of Degradation Processes Caused by Cultivation of Agricultural Crops","authors":"I. V. Agurova, D. V. Syshchykov, A. S. Berezovskiy","doi":"10.3103/s0147687424700273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147687424700273","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to examine the adsorption capacity of degraded soils on agricultural lands (through the example of agricultural farms in the southern part of the Shakhtersk raion, Donetsk People’s Republic). The following soil parameters were analyzed: total exchangeable bases, exchangeable calcium content, and exchangeable magnesium content. To examine the soil cover of agricultural lands, model sites featuring various degradation degrees were selected taking into account the following factors: prevalence of the disturbance type within the study area, anthropogenic transformation degree, and type of cultivated crop. Soil sampling was performed in September 2023. The most significant decrease in total exchangeable bases was recorded on sites left fallow after the following preceding crops: sunflower, corn, and wheat. Compared to the control, total exchangeable bases values on such sites were lower by 56–85%. The exchangeable calcium content in soils of the studied agrocoenoses varied from 5.5 to 38.08 mmol-equiv/(100 g) soil depending on the site position in the landscape, crop rotation link, and type of cultivated crop. The lack of a proper soil maintenance system on the studied sites affects the exchangeable calcium content that has decreased on average by 42.7–84.8%. The proportion of magnesium in the total exchangeable bases ranged from 14.3 to 20.6%. The most significant decrease in the exchangeable calcium and magnesium content compared to the control was recorded on sites used for sunflower cultivation and on sites left fallow, where the cumulative effect of several unfavorable factors (sloping surface and preceding crops with higher levels of removal of mineral nutrition elements) affects these parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":501690,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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