THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS: AN IN-DEPTH EXPLORATION OF INDUSTRIAL UTILIZATION, RECYCLING POTENTIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RAMIFICATIONS

Joseph Owolabi, Emeje Kizito
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Abstract

This comprehensive study delves into the extensive spectrum of applications attributed to rare earth elements (REEs), their potential for effective recycling, and the intricate environmental considerations entwined with their extraction and utilization. The realm of rare earth elements is undergoing rapid transformations fueled by technological progress and the escalating demand for these essential components. The spectrum of REEs encompasses the lanthanide series elements, namely La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu, as well as Sc and Y. These metals currently hold utmost significance across a multitude of contemporary technologies, spanning from smartphones, televisions, LED light bulbs, to wind turbines. This paper concisely outlines the environmental perils encompassing human health that stem from REE mining practices and the large-scale disposal of electronic waste containing noteworthy concentrations of REEs. Within these pages, we encapsulate novel strategies aimed at ensuring the future availability of REEs, including recent advancements in REE extraction from Coal Field Ash and innovative e-waste recycling methodologies. Additionally, we spotlight recent breakthroughs in the domain of individual REE separation techniques, encompassing both metallurgical and recycling operations.
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稀土元素:深入探讨工业利用、回收潜力和环境影响
本综合研究报告深入探讨了稀土元素 (REE) 的广泛应用、有效回收利用的潜力,以及与稀土元素的提取和利用相关的错综复杂的环境因素。稀土元素领域正经历着快速变革,技术进步和对这些重要成分的需求不断攀升为其提供了动力。稀土元素包括镧系元素,即 La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb 和 Lu 以及 Sc 和 Y。本文简明扼要地概述了 REE 采矿行为和大规模处理含有高浓度 REE 的电子废物所造成的环境危害,包括对人类健康的危害。在这些篇幅中,我们概述了旨在确保未来 REE 供应的新战略,包括从煤田灰中提取 REE 的最新进展和创新的电子废物回收方法。此外,我们还重点介绍了个别 REE 分离技术领域的最新突破,包括冶金和回收操作。
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