Karst Geoheritage of the Red Stone Forest in the Xiangxi UNESCO Global Geopark: Chromogenic Factors, Microgeomorphology and Dissolution Behaviour

IF 2.3 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Geoheritage Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI:10.1007/s12371-024-00917-1

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Abstract

The Ordovician red karst forest is a core geoheritage site in the Xiangxi UNESCO Global Geopark and is of world-class value. However, the chromogenic factors and microgeomorphology of it have not been systematically studied, and the dissolution rate of the rocks remains unclear. The geopark contains the Sanbaidong profile, which completely traverses the bedrock of the red stone forest. We collected 355 samples from the strata within the profile for high-density geochemical analysis and found that the red stone forest contains more than one chromogenic factor. The TFe₂O₃ content in the lower boundary of red carbonate rocks increases significantly, controlling the occurrence of red beds. The proportion of Fe³⁺ controls the degree of red colouration. The proportions of Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺ control the appearance of the greyish-green layer, and Mn²⁺ may control the darkness of the rocks. According to the study on the coupling between elements, TFe₂O₃ and Cu²⁺ are mainly supplied from continental sources, and Mn²⁺ is restricted by both marine and continental factors. The elemental distribution in layers obviously controls the concave and convex microgeomorphology. The clearest reason for this phenomenon is the CaO-SiO₂ proportions in adjacent layers, which are independent of the absolute values. According to an ideal model and comparisons with the Dalongdong area in Xiangxi and the Shilin UNESCO Global Geopark, it is calculated that the dissolution of the red stone forest may occur at a rate of 130.63 mg/a. The dissolution difference between the concave and convex surfaces is 1.3978 mg/a. This means that the compositional difference between the concave and convex surfaces may lead to an annual quality difference of approximately 1.07% between the layers. After tens of thousands of years, the microgeomorphology finally formed.

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湘西联合国教科文组织世界地质公园红石林喀斯特地质遗迹：成色因素、微地貌和溶蚀行为

摘要奥陶纪红色喀斯特森林是湘西联合国教科文组织世界地质公园的核心地质遗迹，具有世界级价值。然而，对其成色因素和微地貌尚未进行系统研究，岩石的溶蚀速率也尚不清楚。地质公园中的三白洞剖面完全穿越了红石林的基岩。我们从剖面内的地层中采集了 355 个样品进行高密度地球化学分析，发现红石林中含有不止一种成色因子。红色碳酸盐岩下界的 TFe2O3 含量显著增加，控制着红色岩床的出现。Fe3+的比例控制着红色的着色程度。Fe2+和Cu2+的比例控制灰绿色层的出现，Mn2+可能控制岩石的暗度。根据对元素间耦合关系的研究，TFe2O3 和 Cu2+ 主要来自大陆，Mn2+ 受海洋和大陆因素的限制。元素在地层中的分布明显控制着凹凸微地貌。造成这种现象最明显的原因是相邻层中 CaO-SiO2 的比例，而这与绝对值无关。根据理想模型以及与湘西大龙洞地区和石林联合国教科文组织世界地质公园的比较，计算出红石林的溶解速率可能为 130.63 mg/a。凹面和凸面之间的溶蚀差为 1.3978 mg/a。这意味着凹面和凸面之间的成分差异可能导致层间每年约 1.07% 的质量差异。经过数万年，微地貌终于形成。

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来源期刊

Geoheritage GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-

CiteScore

5.10

自引率

34.50%

发文量

107

期刊介绍： The Geoheritage journal is an international journal dedicated to discussing all aspects of our global geoheritage, both in situ and portable. The journal will invite all contributions on the conservation of sites and materials - use, protection and practical heritage management - as well as its interpretation through education, training and tourism. The journal wishes to cover all aspects of geoheritage and its protection. Key topics are: - Identification, characterisation, quantification and management of geoheritage; - Geodiversity and geosites; - On-site science, geological and geomorphological research: - Global scientific heritage - key scientific geosites, GSSPs, stratotype conservation and management; - Scientific research and education, and the promotion of the geosciences thereby; - Conventions, statute and legal instruments, national and international; - Integration of biodiversity and geodiversity in nature conservation and land-use policies; - Geological heritage and Environmental Impact Assessment studies; - Geological heritage, sustainable development, community action, practical initiatives and tourism; - Geoparks: creation, management and outputs; - Conservation in the natural world, Man-made and natural impacts, climate change; - Geotourism definitions, methodologies, and case studies; - International mechanisms for conservation and popularisation - World Heritage Sites, National Parks etc.; - Materials, data and people important in the history of science, museums, collections and all portable geoheritage; - Education and training of geoheritage specialists; - Pedagogical use of geological heritage - publications, teaching media, trails, centres, on-site museums; - Linking the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005- 2014) with geoconservation.