Dysfunction of olfactory structures: A conserved mechanism of neurodegeneration?

Adriana Jiménez , Diana Organista-Juárez , Luisa Rocha , Enrique Estudillo , Verónica Fernández-Sánchez , Mónica Alethia Cureño-Díaz , Mara A. Guzmán-Ruiz , Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
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Abstract

The olfactory system participates in the reception, integration, and interpretation of olfactory signals. This chemical sense is essential for survival since it is involved in basic behaviors and physiological processes. Olfactory function decreases with age; however, olfactory impairments are also observed in several neurodegenerative and psychiatric pathologies. It is widely described that olfactory dysfunction is an early symptom in Parkinson (PD) and Alzheimer (AD) diseases, furthermore, olfactory brain areas are affected by the pathological hallmarks of these diseases before the brain areas involved in the motor and cognitive impairments, respectively. This information suggests a key role of olfactory system damage in the beginning of a neurodegenerative process. Not only does the early injury of the olfactory system occur in AD and PD, but also in other pathologies since increasing evidence indicate the presence of olfactory impairments in other neurogenerative and psychiatric diseases namely, depression, schizophrenia, and autism among others. In addition, people with systemic chronic diseases that promote central nervous system damage such as type 2 diabetes and obesity also show olfactory dysfunction, which also suggests that olfactory alterations in these individuals could be an early manifestation of a neurodegenerative process. Then, the aim of the manuscript is to describe the information which supports that olfactory system impairment is a prodromal factor for the development of several neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, to recognize it as a shared mechanism of degeneration among diverse neuropathologies, and discuss the relevance of the assessment of the olfactory function in the diagnosis and improvement of neurodegeneration.

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嗅觉结构功能障碍:神经变性的保守机制?
嗅觉系统参与嗅觉信号的接收、整合和解读。这种化学感官对生存至关重要,因为它参与了基本行为和生理过程。嗅觉功能会随着年龄的增长而减退;然而,在一些神经退行性疾病和精神疾病中也能观察到嗅觉障碍。据广泛描述,嗅觉功能障碍是帕金森病(PD)和阿尔茨海默病(AD)的早期症状,此外,嗅觉脑区受这些疾病病理特征的影响分别早于参与运动和认知障碍的脑区。这些信息表明,嗅觉系统损伤在神经退行性病变过程的开始阶段起着关键作用。嗅觉系统的早期损伤不仅发生在注意力缺失症和老年痴呆症中,而且还发生在其他病症中,因为越来越多的证据表明,在其他神经退行性疾病和精神疾病(如抑郁症、精神分裂症和自闭症等)中也存在嗅觉损伤。此外,患有 2 型糖尿病和肥胖症等促进中枢神经系统损伤的全身性慢性疾病的人也会出现嗅觉功能障碍,这也表明这些人的嗅觉改变可能是神经退行性过程的早期表现。因此,本手稿的目的是描述支持嗅觉系统损伤是多种神经退行性疾病和精神疾病发展的前驱因素的信息,确认嗅觉系统损伤是多种神经病理学变性的共同机制,并讨论嗅觉功能评估在诊断和改善神经退行性疾病中的相关性。
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