Validation and Confirmation of the Equanimity Scale-16 in India and its Relationship with Well-Being

IF 3.1 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHIATRY Mindfulness Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI:10.1007/s12671-024-02318-5
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Abstract

Objectives

The present study explored the psychometric properties of the Equanimity Scale-16 (ES-16) in the Indian population. It also investigated the parallel connections between equanimity and spiritual well-being, recognizing equanimity as one of the qualities of highly spiritual beings.

Method

Three independent studies, with diverse sets of participants, were conducted using structured and established questionnaires. The first study evaluated the factorial structure of the ES-16 scale through exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using a sample of 648 Indian adults. The second study evaluated the reliability of the ES-16 with the help of Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values based on a sample of 379 respondents. The convergent validity and discriminant validity were examined using average variance explained (AVE) values. The construct validity was examined through correlation analysis of the ES-16 scale with psychological distress, as well as a gratitude scale, given the traditional association of equanimity with spiritual well-being. The third study explored test–retest reliability of the scale based on a sample of 151 participants.

Results

The EFA yielded a 2-factor solution like the original ES-16 scale. The 2 factors—experiential acceptance and non-reactivity—could explain 61.12% of the total variance. The CFA confirmed the adequate factorial structure of the ES-16 scale. The acceptable Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values (greater than 0.70) confirmed the reliability of the ES-16 scale. The convergent validity and discriminant validity were also confirmed in the second study. The results also reported a statistically significant positive association between equanimity and spiritual well-being.

Conclusions

The present study concluded that both factors of equanimity are necessary to experience equanimity, and absence of one renders the other difficult. It confirmed the psychometric properties of the ES-16 in the Indian population. The results hold considerable promise for advancing research in the field of mindfulness and well-being, as well as guiding the development of interventions aimed at promoting equanimity and fostering positive mental health outcomes in the Indian context.

Preregistration

This study or any work of the study is not preregistered.

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印度平等量表-16 的验证和确认及其与幸福感的关系
摘要 目的 本研究探讨了印度人的 "平和心态量表-16"(ES-16)的心理测量特性。本研究还探讨了平和心态与精神幸福之间的平行联系,认为平和心态是高度精神存在的品质之一。 方法 使用结构化的既定问卷,对不同参与者进行了三项独立研究。第一项研究以 648 名印度成年人为样本,通过探索性因子分析(EFA)和确认性因子分析(CFA)评估了 ES-16 量表的因子结构。第二项研究以 379 名受访者为样本,通过 Cronbach's alpha 和综合信度值评估了 ES-16 的信度。利用平均方差解释值(AVE)检验了收敛效度和区分效度。鉴于平和心态与精神健康的传统联系,研究人员通过 ES-16 量表与心理困扰以及感恩量表的相关性分析,检验了 ES-16 量表的建构效度。第三项研究以 151 名参与者为样本,探讨了量表的重测可靠性。 结果 EFA 得出了与最初的 ES-16 量表一样的 2 因子解决方案。经验性接受和非反应性这两个因子可以解释总方差的 61.12%。CFA证实了ES-16量表具有适当的因子结构。可接受的 Cronbach's alpha 和综合信度值(大于 0.70)证实了 ES-16 量表的信度。第二次研究还证实了收敛效度和区分效度。研究结果还显示,在统计学上,平和心态与精神幸福感之间存在显著的正相关。 结论 本研究得出结论,要体验到心平气和,必须同时具备心平气和的两个因素,缺少其中一个因素就很难体验到心平气和。研究证实了 ES-16 在印度人群中的心理测量特性。研究结果为推动正念和幸福感领域的研究以及指导开发干预措施带来了巨大希望,这些干预措施旨在促进印度人的平和心态,并促进积极的心理健康结果。 预先登记 本研究或本研究的任何作品未经预先登记。
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来源期刊
Mindfulness
Mindfulness Multiple-
CiteScore
6.10
自引率
19.40%
发文量
224
期刊介绍: Mindfulness seeks to advance research, clinical practice, and theory on mindfulness. It is interested in manuscripts from diverse viewpoints, including psychology, psychiatry, medicine, neurobiology, psychoneuroendocrinology, cognitive, behavioral, cultural, philosophy, spirituality, and wisdom traditions. Mindfulness encourages research submissions on the reliability and validity of assessment of mindfulness; clinical uses of mindfulness in psychological distress, psychiatric disorders, and medical conditions; alleviation of personal and societal suffering; the nature and foundations of mindfulness; mechanisms of action; and the use of mindfulness across cultures. The Journal also seeks to promote the use of mindfulness by publishing scholarly papers on the training of clinicians, institutional staff, teachers, parents, and industry personnel in mindful provision of services. Examples of topics include: Mindfulness-based psycho-educational interventions for children with learning, emotional, and behavioral disorders Treating depression and clinical symptoms in patients with chronic heart failure Yoga and mindfulness Cognitive-behavioral mindfulness group therapy interventions Mindfulnessness and emotional regulation difficulties in children Loving-kindness meditation to increase social connectedness Training for parents and children with ADHD Recovery from substance abuse Changing parents’ mindfulness Child management skills Treating childhood anxiety and depression
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