Depositional and diagenetic studies of the middle Jurassic Samana Suk Formation in the Trans Indus Ranges and western extension of Hill Ranges, Pakistan: an integrated sedimentological and geochemical approach

IF 1.1 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOLOGY Carbonates and Evaporites Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI:10.1007/s13146-024-00937-6
Muhammad Shahzeb, Mumtaz Muhammad Shah, Hamad ur Rahim, Jawad Ahmed Jan, Imran Ahmad, Rayan Khalil, Kamran Shehzad
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Abstract

The middle Jurassic Samana Suk Formation is well exposed in Himalayan foreland fold and thrust belt forming a good hydrocarbon reservoir of the Indus Basin; however, the combined sedimentological and geochemical studies are not conducted so far. An integrated approach using field, petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic studies was used to better understand the depositional and diagenetic processes within the formation. The formation is predominantly composed of thin to medium-bedded limestone with intercalation of shale. Field observations reveal sedimentary and diagenetic features such as cross bedding, sole marks, ripple marks, convolute bedding, stylolites, dissolution marks and patchy dolomitization. Microfacies associations include mudflat microfacies associations (mudstone MF-1, dolo-mudstone MF-2), lagoonal microfacies associations (siliciclastic bio-packstone MF-3, peloidal bioclastic packstone MF-4, bioclastic wackestone MF-5, and peloidal wackestone MF-6), barrier/shoal microfacies association (peloidal grainstone MF-7, ooidal–peloidal bioclastic grainstone MF-8, ooidal grainstone MF-9, and bioclastic peloidal grainstone MF-10). The above-mentioned microfacies associations suggest the deposition in the ramp settings (mudflats, lagoonal and shoal). The diagenetic features include: micritization, mechanical/chemical compaction, dissolution, neomorphism, cementation, dolomitization and fracturing. Selective replacement of grain dominated facies represents fabric retentive replacive dolomite RD-I formed at the early phase, followed by matrix replacive dolomite RD-II. Late-stage diagenetic alteration is marked by fabric-destructive dolomite RD-III. Geochemical data show a consistent decrease in salinity from the early to late diagenetic phases characterized by elevated Na and K concentration and reduced Fe and Mn concentration. Furthermore, stable isotopic data of limestone and dolomite phases show non-depleted δ13 C values ranging from + 0.26 to + 1.86‰ VPDB suggesting no external supply of carbon after the deposition of the carbonate units. The non-depleted δ18 O values ranging from − 1.96 to − 0.45‰ VPDB of dolomite phases represents seawater signatures, and hence may have formed in surface processes of marine water in mudflat settings/evaporitic conditions. Paleogeographically, Samana Suk Formation exhibits similar depositional conditions with the western coastline of the Tethys.

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巴基斯坦跨印度河山脉和希尔山脉西延段中侏罗世萨马纳苏克地层的沉积和成岩研究:沉积学和地球化学综合方法
中侏罗世萨马纳苏克地层出露于喜马拉雅前陆褶皱和推力带,是印度河盆地良好的碳氢化合物储层;然而,迄今为止尚未开展沉积学和地球化学的综合研究。为了更好地了解该地层的沉积和成岩过程,我们采用了一种综合方法,包括现场、岩相学、地球化学和同位素研究。该地层主要由薄层至中层石灰岩组成,夹页岩。实地观察发现了沉积和成岩特征,如交叉层理、鞋底痕、波纹痕、卷曲层理、苯乙烯岩、溶蚀痕和斑状白云石化。微岩相组合包括泥滩微岩相组合(泥岩 MF-1、多罗泥岩 MF-2)、泻湖微岩相组合(硅质生物包裹岩 MF-3、球状生物碎屑包裹岩 MF-4、生物碎屑瓦基岩 MF-5、硅质生物碎屑瓦基岩 MF-6、硅质生物碎屑瓦基岩 MF-7、硅质生物碎屑瓦基岩 MF-8、硅质生物碎屑瓦基岩 MF-9、硅质生物碎屑瓦基岩 MF-10)、MF-6)、屏障/滩涂微岩相组合(球状粒岩 MF-7、卵圆形-髓质生物碎屑粒岩 MF-8、卵圆形粒岩 MF-9 和生物碎屑球状粒岩 MF-10)。上述微成因关联表明沉积在斜坡环境(泥滩、泻湖和浅滩)中。成岩特征包括:微ritization、机械/化学压实、溶解、新变质、胶结、白云石化和断裂。以晶粒为主的选择性置换面代表了早期形成的织物保持性置换白云岩 RD-I,其次是基质置换白云岩 RD-II。晚期成岩蚀变的特征是构造破坏性白云岩 RD-III。地球化学数据显示,从成岩早期到成岩晚期,盐度持续降低,Na 和 K 浓度升高,Fe 和 Mn 浓度降低。此外,石灰岩和白云岩相的稳定同位素数据显示,δ13 C 值从 + 0.26 到 + 1.86‰ VPDB 不等,表明碳酸盐单元沉积后没有外部碳供应。白云岩相的非贫化δ18 O 值介于 - 1.96 至 - 0.45‰ VPDB 之间,代表了海水特征,因此可能是在泥滩环境/蒸发条件下的海水表层过程中形成的。在古地理上,萨马纳苏克地层与特提斯西部海岸线的沉积条件相似。
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来源期刊
Carbonates and Evaporites
Carbonates and Evaporites 地学-地质学
CiteScore
2.80
自引率
14.30%
发文量
70
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Established in 1979, the international journal Carbonates and Evaporites provides a forum for the exchange of concepts, research and applications on all aspects of carbonate and evaporite geology. This includes the origin and stratigraphy of carbonate and evaporite rocks and issues unique to these rock types: weathering phenomena, notably karst; engineering and environmental issues; mining and minerals extraction; and caves and permeability. The journal publishes current information in the form of original peer-reviewed articles, invited papers, and reports from meetings, editorials, and book and software reviews. The target audience includes professional geologists, hydrogeologists, engineers, geochemists, and other researchers, libraries, and educational centers.
期刊最新文献
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