Unraveling the microRNAs, key players in folliculogenesis and ovarian diseases

Abstract

Folliculogenesis is an intricate process that involves the development and maturation of ovarian follicles in females. During folliculogenesis, multiple factors including hormones, growth factors, and signaling pathways regulate the growth and maturation of follicles. In recent years, microRNA, short non-coding RNA molecules, has gained attention due to its roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of various diseases in humans. It is known to have an important part in ovarian health and illness and its functions extend to several cellular processes. In this overview, we look at the importance of microRNAs in ovarian illnesses and how they function during follicle growth in the ovaries. Short RNA molecules (22 nucleotides) called microRNAs may influence several mRNA targets in different biological processes. The expression patterns of these small non-coding RNAs undergo dynamic changes during the several phases of follicular development; they play a function in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Follicle development, follicular atresia (regression of the follicles), and ovulation are all intricately regulated by the dynamic expression of distinct miRNAs throughout the various phases of folliculogenesis. The role of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are known to regulate gene expression, has recently come to light as crucial in the development and advancement of a number of ovarian diseases. Abnormalities of the human ovary, such as ovarian cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and endometriosis, have prompted extensive research into the dysregulation of microRNAs. Endometriosis is associated with miRNAs that are known to have a role in processes such as invasion, cell growth, cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The disturbance of target gene expression resulting from abnormal miRNA production is a potential factor contributing to cancer development. Some microRNAs (miRNAs) differ in expression levels between women with polycystic ovary syndrome and healthy controls, indicating that miRNAs may play a role in the development of PCOS. Extensive research carried out over the last 20 years has illuminated the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs), demonstrating their critical importance in controlling gene expression and the cell cycle. Changes in the quantities of microRNAs (miRNAs) may affect the aggressiveness of cancer and contribute to a variety of gynecological disorders. It appears that microRNAs hold potential as diagnostic biomarkers and treatment potential for various ovarian diseases.