ED-AttConvLSTM: An Ionospheric TEC Map Prediction Model Using Adaptive Weighted Spatiotemporal Features

IF 3.7 2区 地球科学 Space Weather Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI:10.1029/2023sw003740
Liangchao Li, Haijun Liu, Huijun Le, Jing Yuan, Haoran Wang, Yi Chen, Weifeng Shan, Li Ma, Chunjie Cui
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Abstract

In this paper, we propose a novel Total Electron Content (TEC) map prediction model, named ED-AttConvLSTM, using a Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM) network and attention mechanism based on encoder-decoder structure. The inclusion of the attention mechanism enhances the efficient utilization of spatiotemporal features extracted by the ConvLSTM, emphasizing the significance of crucial spatiotemporal features in the prediction process and, as a result, leading to an enhancement in predictive performance. We conducted experiments in East Asia (10°N–45°N, 90°E−130°E). The ED-AttConvLSTM was trained and evaluated using the International GNSS Service TEC maps over a period of six years from 2013 to 2015 (high solar activity years) and 2017 to 2019 (low solar activity years). We compared our ED-AttConvLSTM with IRI-2016, COPG, LSTM, GRU, ED-ConvLSTM and ED-ConvGRU. The results indicate that our model surpasses the comparison models in forecasting both high and low solar activity years, across most months and UT moments in a day. Moreover, our model exhibits notably superior prediction performance during the most severe phases of a magnetic storm when compared to the comparison models. Subsequently, we then also discuss how the prediction performance of our model is affected by latitude. Finally, we discuss the diminishing performance of our model in multi-day predictions, demonstrating that its reliability for forecasts ranging from one to 4 days in advance. Beyond the fifth day, there is a pronounced decline in the model's performance.
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ED-AttConvLSTM:使用自适应加权时空特征的电离层 TEC 地图预测模型
本文提出了一种新颖的总电子含量(TEC)地图预测模型,命名为 ED-AttConvLSTM,该模型采用卷积长短期记忆(ConvLSTM)网络和基于编码器-解码器结构的注意力机制。注意机制的加入提高了对 ConvLSTM 提取的时空特征的有效利用,强调了关键时空特征在预测过程中的重要性,从而提高了预测性能。我们在东亚(10°N-45°N,90°E-130°E)进行了实验。在 2013 年至 2015 年(太阳活动频繁年)和 2017 年至 2019 年(太阳活动频繁年)的六年时间里,我们使用国际全球导航卫星系统服务 TEC 地图对 ED-AttConvLSTM 进行了训练和评估。我们将 ED-AttConvLSTM 与 IRI-2016、COPG、LSTM、GRU、ED-ConvLSTM 和 ED-ConvGRU 进行了比较。结果表明,我们的模型在预测高太阳活动年和低太阳活动年、大多数月份和一天中的UT时刻方面都超过了比较模型。此外,与对比模型相比,我们的模型在磁暴最严重阶段的预测性能明显优于对比模型。随后,我们还讨论了我们模型的预测性能如何受到纬度的影响。最后,我们讨论了我们的模型在多天预测中的性能递减,证明了它在提前 1 到 4 天进行预测时的可靠性。超过第五天后,模型的性能会明显下降。
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