Hourly methane and carbon dioxide fluxes from temperate ponds

IF 3.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Biogeochemistry Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI:10.1007/s10533-024-01124-4
Jonas Stage Sø, Kenneth Thorø Martinsen, Theis Kragh, Kaj Sand-Jensen
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Abstract

Ponds are regarded as greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hot spots, but how hot are they? We examined this question by measuring methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in six forest and open land ponds on grasslands in Denmark during summer and winter. We used floating chambers with do-it-yourself sensors and automated headspace venting, allowing for 7404 hourly measurements. We found highly variable gas fluxes within ponds and between seasons and pond types. Ebullitive CH4 fluxes were more variable than diffusive CH4 fluxes. Ebullition was absent when total CH4 fluxes were lowest (15 µmol m−2 h−1), dominant (> 90%) at the highest fluxes (> 400 µmol m−2 h−1), and increased with water temperature. In summer, a minor daily increase in diffusive fluxes was found on days with high wind speed, while CH4 ebullition remained constant. CO2 fluxes paralleled the day-night balance of photosynthesis and respiration. Mean CH4 ebullition in open and forest ponds exceeded CH4 diffusive fluxes 4.1 and 7.1-fold in summer (avg. 22.5 °C) and 2.3 and 2.5-fold in winter (9.6 °C), respectively. CO2 emissions were higher on a molar basis than CH4 emissions, both in summer and winter, while their annual global warming potentials were similar. Mean annual gas emissions from open and forest ponds (1092 and 2527 g CO2e m−2 y−1) are naturally high due to extensive external input of dissolved CO2 and organic carbon relative to pond area and volume.

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温带池塘每小时甲烷和二氧化碳通量
池塘被认为是温室气体(GHG)排放的热点,但它们到底有多热?我们通过测量丹麦草原上六个森林和开阔地池塘在夏季和冬季的甲烷(CH4)和二氧化碳(CO2)通量来研究这个问题。我们使用了带有自己动手制作的传感器和自动顶空排气装置的浮动室,每小时可进行 7404 次测量。我们发现池塘内部以及不同季节和池塘类型之间的气体通量变化很大。逸散型甲烷通量比扩散型甲烷通量变化更大。当 CH4 总通量最低(15 µmol m-2 h-1)时,逸散是不存在的;当通量最高(400 µmol m-2 h-1)时,逸散占主导地位(90%),并且随着水温的升高而增加。夏季,在风速较大的日子里,扩散通量每天略有增加,而甲烷的逸出量则保持不变。二氧化碳通量与光合作用和呼吸作用的昼夜平衡一致。露天池塘和森林池塘的平均甲烷逸出量在夏季(平均 22.5 °C)分别是甲烷扩散通量的 4.1 倍和 7.1 倍,在冬季(9.6 °C)分别是 2.3 倍和 2.5 倍。无论在夏季还是冬季,二氧化碳的摩尔排放量都高于甲烷的排放量,但两者的年全球升温潜能值相似。相对于池塘面积和容积而言,开放式池塘和森林池塘的年平均气体排放量(1092 克 CO2e m-2 y-1 和 2527 克 CO2e m-2 y-1)自然较高,这是由于外部输入了大量溶解的 CO2 和有机碳。
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来源期刊
Biogeochemistry
Biogeochemistry 环境科学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
7.10
自引率
5.00%
发文量
112
审稿时长
3.2 months
期刊介绍: Biogeochemistry publishes original and synthetic papers dealing with biotic controls on the chemistry of the environment, or with the geochemical control of the structure and function of ecosystems. Cycles are considered, either of individual elements or of specific classes of natural or anthropogenic compounds in ecosystems. Particular emphasis is given to coupled interactions of element cycles. The journal spans from the molecular to global scales to elucidate the mechanisms driving patterns in biogeochemical cycles through space and time. Studies on both natural and artificial ecosystems are published when they contribute to a general understanding of biogeochemistry.
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