Depositional environmental controls on mechanical stratigraphy of Barakar Shales in Rajmahal Basin, India

Abstract

Understanding mechanical behaviour of shale is essential for efficient shale gas extraction, which can vary in different depositional settings. The impact of sedimentary environment on shale characteristics, such as mineralogical composition, total organic carbon content (TOC), and petrophysical properties, has been extensively researched. However, its influence on shale mechanical properties, especially in defining mechanical stratigraphy for targeting specific fracturing intervals, remains less explored. In this study, the influence of depositional environment on the mechanical properties of shale samples from the Rajmahal Basin is evaluated. Tensile strength of the samples was measured by the Brazilian splitting tensile strength and the brittleness index was calculated as a measure of mechanical properties. In addition, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Rock-Eval 6, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were carried out to assess geochemical characteristics of the samples from different perspectives. The results revealed that such geochemical variations that are generally controlled by the depositional environment, would impact the mechanical properties of the samples. Based on major and trace elements proxies, the depositional environment was determined to be passive continental margin, with hot and humid paleoclimatic conditions and freshwater anoxic settings. Tensile strength and brittleness index of the shale samples was observed to vary between 0.93 and 4.12 MPa and 0.71 to 3.40, respectively, while samples with the TOC exceeding 15 wt% had a strong negative correlation with tensile strength, as reasonably expected, due to weakening impact of the sedimentary organic matter on the shale matrix. Tensile strength and brittleness index correlated positively with clay mineral content, particularly their type, but negatively with the quartz content. Furthermore, samples abundant in biogenic silica exhibited reduced brittleness compared to those with lithogenic silica. Nevertheless, the variation in mechanical properties with burial depth was not substantial, and the examination of stress-strain curves indicated an overall brittle nature of the layer where the samples were retrieved from. Overall, achieving more robust conclusions regarding mechanical stratigraphy within the studied section of the Rajmahal Basin, would necessitate additional vertical sampling.