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Effects of thermal intrusion on biomarker distributions in the Alum Shale from south-central Sweden 热入侵对瑞典中南部矾土页岩生物标志物分布的影响
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104643
The middle (Miaolingian) to upper (Furongian) Cambrian Alum Shale Formation in the DBH15/73 core from south-central Sweden was exposed to local heat from a diabase intrusion, providing an opportunity to investigate the molecular geochemical response to thermal stress. Organic petrological observations and biomarker analyses were conducted to study changes in maturity-indicating parameters and the distribution of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the maturation process. The DBH15/73 samples exhibit a maturity gradient, ranging from immature at the base to mature in the upper part of the Alum Shale Formation. Multiple maturity-based biomarker parameters were analyzed, and Ts/(Ts + Tm), M30/(M30 + H30), and Hopane H32: 22S/(22S + 22R) of saturated hydrocarbon parameters are found to be more reliable. Ratios of alkylnaphthalenes, alkylphenanthrenes, and alkyldibenzothiophenes (MNR, DNR, TMNr, TeMNr, MPI-1, MPR, MDR, and DMDR) also showed consistent correlations with thermal maturity. Thermal maturation impacted the macromolecular structure, resulting in the aromatization and demethylation, leading to MPy/Py, MChy/Chy, and the sum of unsubstituted 5-ring/4-ring PAH ratios changes with maturity. The influence of thermal maturation outweighs that of uranium radiation in this study, and maturity varies mainly with depth.
瑞典中南部的 DBH15/73 岩芯中的寒武纪中(庙岭期)至上古(芙蓉期)矾页岩层暴露在辉绿岩侵入的局部热量下,为研究热应力的分子地球化学响应提供了机会。通过有机岩石学观察和生物标记分析,研究了成熟过程中成熟指示参数的变化以及高分子量多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布情况。DBH15/73 样本呈现出成熟度梯度,从矾土页岩层底部的未成熟到上部的成熟。对多种基于成熟度的生物标志物参数进行了分析,发现饱和烃参数中的Ts/(Ts + Tm)、M30/(M30 + H30)和Hopane H32:22S/(22S + 22R)比较可靠。烷基萘、烷基菲和烷基二苯并噻吩的比率(MNR、DNR、TMNr、TeMNr、MPI-1、MPR、MDR 和 DMDR)也显示出与热成熟度一致的相关性。热成熟影响了大分子结构,导致芳香化和去甲基化,从而使 MPy/Py、MChy/Chy 和未取代的 5 环/4 环多环芳烃比率总和随成熟度而变化。在本研究中,热成熟的影响大于铀辐射的影响,成熟度主要随深度而变化。
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引用次数: 0
Disentangling causes of the limestone-marl bedding couplets in the Bridge Creek Limestone Member of the Greenhorn Formation through an integrated sedimentological and organic petrology analysis 通过对沉积学和有机岩石学的综合分析,厘清绿亨地层桥溪石灰岩组石灰岩-泥灰岩叠层的成因
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104640
Although limestone-marl bedding couplets in the Cenomanian-Turonian Bridge Creek Limestone (BCL) have been widely attributed to changes in environmental conditions ultimately driven by Earth's orbital cycles, the causes of short-term variations in organic matter (OM) enrichment and composition (i.e., types and proportions of different macerals) in the bedding couplets through the BCL have rarely been examined in detail. To fill this gap, this study examined the BCL through an integrated sedimentological and organic petrology analysis. With the well-developed depositional context, organic petrology analysis was conducted on 17 samples from seven limestone-marl bedding couplets consisting of different sedimentary facies types in the USGS #1 Portland Core to systematically examine differences in the maceral composition among different expressions of the limestone-marl bedding couplets. The BCL in the #1 Portland Core has overall low thermal maturity (∼0.60 % vitrinite reflectance). All BCL samples contain dominant marine OM including bituminite (dominantly micrinized), alginite, and liptodetrinite and minor but persistently present terrigenous OM including vitrinite and inertinite. The OM composition and characteristics, combined with sedimentary facies characteristics and TOC data, suggest that the OM enrichment and preservation through the BCL is subject to various processes such as bottom current reworking and burial, bioturbation, early diagenesis, and pulses of volcanic ash input. The interplay of these processes led to changes in sedimentation rate, which can be associated with short-term relative changes in sea level and episodic volcanic input. Direct examinations of the composition and texture of OM in fine-grained sedimentary rocks can provide valuable insights into the causes of short-term variations in depositional conditions on a process basis, which should be integrated with other datasets (e.g., sedimentology, geochemistry) to fully resolve the specific mechanism(s) that modulated sedimentation in similar fine-grained marine systems characterized by apparently cyclic lithological alternations.
尽管人们普遍认为仙人纪-都龙纪桥溪石灰岩(BCL)中的石灰岩-泥灰岩层理对偶是由地球轨道周期最终驱动的环境条件变化造成的,但很少有人详细研究过BCL层理对偶中有机质(OM)富集和组成(即不同大分子的类型和比例)短期变化的原因。为了填补这一空白,本研究通过沉积学和有机岩石学综合分析对 BCL 进行了研究。在完善的沉积背景下,对美国地质调查局 1 号波特兰岩芯中由不同沉积面类型组成的 7 个石灰岩-泥灰岩层对中的 17 个样品进行了有机岩石学分析,以系统地研究石灰岩-泥灰岩层对中不同表现形式的岩浆成分差异。波特兰 1 号岩心中的 BCL 总体热成熟度较低(玻璃光泽反射率为 0.60%)。所有 BCL 样品都含有主要的海洋 OM,包括沥青质(主要是微粒化)、藻酸盐和锂辉石,以及少量但持续存在的陆相 OM,包括玻璃石和惰性石。OM 的组成和特征与沉积面特征和总有机碳数据相结合,表明通过 BCL 富集和保存的 OM 受各种过程的影响,如底流再加工和掩埋、生物扰动、早期成岩作用和火山灰输入脉冲。这些过程的相互作用导致了沉积速率的变化,而沉积速率的变化可能与海平面的短期相对变化和偶发性火山输入有关。对细粒沉积岩中有机质的组成和质地进行直接研究,可以提供有价值的见解,从过程的基础上了解沉积条件短期变化的原因,这些见解应与其他数据集(如沉积学、地球化学)结合起来,以全面解决调节以明显的周期性岩性变化为特征的类似细粒海洋系统沉积作用的具体机制问题。
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引用次数: 0
Tungsten (W) geochemistry in north Asian coals (Siberia, Russian far east and Kazakhstan) 北亚煤炭(西伯利亚、俄罗斯远东地区和哈萨克斯坦)中的钨(W)地球化学特征
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104639
This research discusses new data on the geochemistry of tungsten (W) in the coals of North Asia (Siberia, the Russian Far East, and Kazakhstan), based on analyses of over two thousand samples. In general, the studied coals are enriched in W in comparison with the average value for coals all over the world. In different regions of the studied area, coal deposits with anomalous W concentrations (up to commercially important concentrations) were found and the factors controlling the W content in these coals were investigated. Samples were selected in order to study both the vertical variation in W through the seams and laterally to determine its distribution across the coal basins. Seams with average W concentrations generally show some enrichment at the margins of the seam (Zilbermints law). In anomalously enriched seams, however, several patterns of W distribution are observed. Most commonly the base of the seam is enriched and concentrations decrease upwards, less commonly the reverse is the case and rarely the central parts of the seam are enriched. The results from the present work demonstrate that W is predominantly organically associated. In lignites, more than 80 % is concentrated in humic substances with the remainder in mineral matter. However, as the organic matter transforms during coalification some of the W passes into solution leading both to the formation of authigenic minerals and also loss from the seam. The nature of the W distributions in the coal seams indicates a predominantly hydrogenous (aqueous) mechanism of transport and accumulation. It is concluded that the composition of the rock types surrounding the coal-forming basins and the hydrogeochemical conditions of these basins and deposits are critical factors in determining the levels of W accumulation in the coals. The elevated and anomalous tungsten concentrations in coal and peat described in this work are due to the leaching of tungsten rich rocks, primarily granitoids and tungsten-bearing greisens and skarns.
本研究根据对两千多个样本的分析,讨论了北亚(西伯利亚、俄罗斯远东和哈萨克斯坦)煤中钨(W)地球化学的新数据。总体而言,与全世界煤炭的平均值相比,所研究煤炭中的钨含量较高。在研究区域的不同地区,发现了W含量异常的煤层(达到重要的商业浓度),并对控制这些煤炭中W含量的因素进行了研究。选择样本的目的是研究煤层中 W 的垂直变化,以及确定 W 在整个煤盆地中的横向分布。具有平均 W 浓度的煤层通常会在煤层边缘出现一些富集现象(Zilbermints 法)。然而,在异常富集的煤层中,可以观察到几种 W 分布模式。最常见的是煤层底部富集,浓度向上递减,较少见的是相反的情况,很少有煤层中部富集的情况。目前的研究结果表明,W 主要与有机物有关。在褐煤中,80%以上富集在腐殖质中,其余富集在矿物物质中。然而,随着煤化过程中有机物的转化,部分 W 进入溶液,形成自生矿物,并从煤层中流失。煤层中 W 分布的性质表明,主要是一种氢(水)迁移和积累机制。结论是,成煤盆地周围岩石类型的组成以及这些盆地和矿床的水文地球化学条件是决定煤中 W 累积水平的关键因素。这项研究中描述的煤炭和泥炭中钨浓度的升高和异常是由于富含钨的岩石,主要是花岗岩和含钨灰岩和矽卡岩的浸出作用造成的。
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引用次数: 0
Substantial gas enrichment in shales influenced by volcanism during the Ordovician–Silurian transition 奥陶纪-志留纪过渡时期受火山活动影响的页岩中天然气大量富集
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104638
The substantial gas enrichment in shales of the Ordovician–Silurian transition is associated with the development of the organic matter (OM)-rich source rock. While organic matter enrichment has been linked to intensive volcanism, it remains a challenge to precisely evaluate the impact of the volcanism on substantial gas enrichment containing the largest gas storage capacity. This study focused on consecutive borehole shale samples from the Wufeng–Longmaxi formations during the Ordovician–Silurian transition in southern China. We conducted a comprehensive analysis, integrating the major geological volcanism with high-resolution analysis, including QEMSCAN, argon-ion SEM, thin-section examination, XRD mineralogy, TOC, Hg concentration, petrophysical properties and nanopore structure analysis (low-pressure CO2/N2 gas adsorption, helium porosity and permeability). The results link the significant shale gas enrichment in Wufeng–Longmaxi formations to intensive volcanism across the Ordovician–Silurian transition. We identified the most favorable shale intervals in the lower Longmaxi Formation, aligning with the peak period of volcanism. This period showed synchronous spikes in Hg, Hg/TOC, and TOC contents. Shale deposited during this favorable paleoenvironment exhibited the highest values of TOC, porosity, permeability, specific surface area, pore volume, and maximum gas adsorption capacity, leading to the largest amount of gas content and substantial gas enrichment. Our work, therefore, provides new insights into identifying the most favorable shale gas resources. This knowledge assists in accurate predictions of the stratigraphic ‘sweet spot’ intervals for large shale gas storage capacity, providing crucial information for engineering explorations and developments in shale formations.
奥陶纪-志留纪过渡页岩中大量富集的天然气与富含有机质(OM)的源岩的发育有关。虽然有机质富集与密集的火山活动有关,但要精确评估火山活动对含有最大储气能力的大量天然气富集的影响,仍然是一项挑战。本研究重点研究了中国南方奥陶纪-志留纪过渡时期五峰-龙马溪地层的连续钻孔页岩样本。我们进行了综合分析,将主要地质火山活动与高分辨率分析相结合,包括 QEMSCAN、氩离子扫描电镜、薄片检查、XRD 矿物学、总有机碳、汞浓度、岩石物理特性和纳米孔结构分析(低压 CO2/N2 气体吸附、氦气孔隙度和渗透率)。结果显示,五峰-龙马溪地层中页岩气的显著富集与奥陶纪-志留纪过渡时期的密集火山活动有关。我们在龙马溪地层下部发现了最有利的页岩层段,与火山活动的高峰期相吻合。这一时期的汞、Hg/TOC 和 TOC 含量出现了同步峰值。在这一有利的古环境中沉积的页岩表现出最高的总有机碳值、孔隙度、渗透率、比表面积、孔隙体积和最大气体吸附能力,从而导致最大的气体含量和大量的气体富集。因此,我们的工作为确定最有利的页岩气资源提供了新的见解。这些知识有助于准确预测页岩气储量大的地层 "甜蜜点 "区间,为页岩地层的工程勘探和开发提供重要信息。
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引用次数: 0
Differential mineral diagenetic evolution of lacustrine shale: Implications for CO2 storage 湖相页岩的矿物成岩演化差异:对二氧化碳封存的影响
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104629
Understanding the differential diagenetic evolution of different lithofacies is essential for assessing the spatial development of shale reservoirs. These insights are crucial in predicting sealing integrity and storage capacity for sequestered CO2. In this study, we examined seven wells from the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin, China, with vitrinite reflectance (Ro) values ranging from 0.60 % to 1.62 %. Thin section-based petrographic observations, coupled with QEMSCAN analysis, were used to classify the different lithofacies. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of clay minerals, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrum (EDS) analyses were employed to analyze the mineral textures, pore types, and diagenetic pathways. The results showed that early diagenetic mineral phases include calcite cement (1st phase), framboidal and microcrystalline pyrite, ferroan and non-ferroan dolomite. Intermediate diagenetic mineral phases were marked by illitization of smectite, chlorite formed by chloritization of smectite and alteration of K-feldspar, and the formation of authigenic albite and quartz, calcite cement (2nd phase) and ankerite. Given the higher potential reaction rate of CO2-fluid‑carbonate systems, we propose that the lithofacies dominated by carbonate minerals are not effective for CO2 storage, even in short-term. In contrast, lithofacies rich in feldspar and clay minerals are likely to be more effective for long-term CO2 storage.
了解不同岩性的不同成岩演化过程对于评估页岩储层的空间发展至关重要。这些见解对于预测密封完整性和封存二氧化碳的能力至关重要。在这项研究中,我们考察了中国松辽盆地白垩系青山口地层的七口井,其玻璃光泽反射率(Ro)值从 0.60 % 到 1.62 % 不等。通过薄片岩相观察和 QEMSCAN 分析,对不同岩性进行了分类。粘土矿物的 X 射线衍射(XRD)分析、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)和能量色散光谱(EDS)分析被用来分析矿物纹理、孔隙类型和成岩途径。结果表明,早期成岩矿物相包括方解石胶结物(第一相)、镜铁黄铁矿和微晶黄铁矿、铁白云岩和非铁白云岩。中期成岩矿物相的特征是闪长岩的照明化、闪长岩的绿泥石化和 K 长石的蚀变,以及自生白云石和石英、方解石胶结物(第 2 相)和绿泥石的形成。鉴于二氧化碳-流体-碳酸盐系统的潜在反应速率较高,我们认为以碳酸盐矿物为主的岩相对二氧化碳封存无效,即使在短期内也是如此。相比之下,富含长石和粘土矿物的岩相可能对长期封存二氧化碳更有效。
{"title":"Differential mineral diagenetic evolution of lacustrine shale: Implications for CO2 storage","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the differential diagenetic evolution of different lithofacies is essential for assessing the spatial development of shale reservoirs. These insights are crucial in predicting sealing integrity and storage capacity for sequestered CO<sub>2</sub>. In this study, we examined seven wells from the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin, China, with vitrinite reflectance (<em>R</em><sub><em>o</em></sub>) values ranging from 0.60 % to 1.62 %. Thin section-based petrographic observations, coupled with QEMSCAN analysis, were used to classify the different lithofacies. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of clay minerals, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrum (EDS) analyses were employed to analyze the mineral textures, pore types, and diagenetic pathways. The results showed that early diagenetic mineral phases include calcite cement (1st phase), framboidal and microcrystalline pyrite, ferroan and non-ferroan dolomite. Intermediate diagenetic mineral phases were marked by illitization of smectite, chlorite formed by chloritization of smectite and alteration of K-feldspar, and the formation of authigenic albite and quartz, calcite cement (2nd phase) and ankerite. Given the higher potential reaction rate of CO<sub>2</sub>-fluid‑carbonate systems, we propose that the lithofacies dominated by carbonate minerals are not effective for CO<sub>2</sub> storage, even in short-term. In contrast, lithofacies rich in feldspar and clay minerals are likely to be more effective for long-term CO<sub>2</sub> storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13864,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Coal Geology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142538561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Petrographic and geochemical signatures of the Upper Permian Gondwana coals: Newcastle Coal Measures, Northern Sydney Basin, Australia 上二叠纪冈瓦纳煤的岩石学和地球化学特征:澳大利亚北悉尼盆地纽卡斯尔煤层
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104628
This research presents an integrated approach to organic petrographical and geochemical characteristics of the Upper Permian Newcastle Coal Measures outcropping in the northern Sydney Basin, southeast Australia. Twenty-seven coal, coaly mudstone and mudstone samples were collected and analyzed by using organic petrography (maceral composition and vitrinite reflectance) techniques, Rock–Eval pyrolysis, bitumen extraction and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The obtained results indicate that the samples exhibit promising gas-prone source rock potential and contain a predominantly terrestrial in origin organic matter, with limited contribution by marine organisms. The prevalence of terrestrial organic matter is inferred by the presence of collotelinite and sporinite macerals in most of the samples and the ternary plot of C27, C28 and C29 regular steranes. Further, the low C27/C29 ratio, the cross-plots of C27/(C27 + C29) regular steranes vs. Pr/Ph ratio, the C27/C29 vs. Pr/Ph and the C24 tetracyclic/C26 tricyclic terpane ratio point also to the terrestrial origin of the organic matter. The obtained values of vitrinite reflectance, Tmax, OEP27–31 and CPI25–33, along the cross plots of 20S/(20S + 20R) versus ββ/(ββ + αα) suggest that the samples are immature and were subjected to a low burial depth. The examined samples indicate accumulation in a delta-plain environment of deposition, under fluctuating oxic/anoxic conditions, in a humid climatic zone that is characterized by dry periods, interrupting the longer-termed humid climatic regime. This research adds knowledge on the source rock potential in the northern Sydney Basin and on the environmental and climatic setting of a time interval just prior to the major Permian - Triassic climatic crisis.
本研究采用综合方法研究了澳大利亚东南部悉尼盆地北部出露的上二叠统纽卡斯尔煤层的有机岩石学和地球化学特征。采集了 27 个煤、煤泥岩和泥岩样本,并采用有机岩石学(宏观组成和玻璃光泽反射率)技术、Rock-Eval 热解、沥青萃取和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)进行了分析。研究结果表明,样本具有良好的气源岩潜力,主要含有陆生有机物,海洋生物的贡献有限。大多数样本中都含有胶石和孢石大块矿物质,以及 C27、C28 和 C29 正甾烷的三元图谱,由此可以推断陆生有机物的普遍存在。此外,较低的 C27/C29 比率、C27/(C27 + C29)常规甾烷与 Pr/Ph 比率的交叉图、C27/C29 与 Pr/Ph 比率的交叉图以及 C24 四环/C26 三环萜烷比率也都表明有机物质来源于陆地。沿着 20S/(20S + 20R)与 β/(β + αα) 的交叉图,所获得的玻璃光泽反射率、Tmax、OEP27-31 和 CPI25-33 值表明,样品尚未成熟,埋藏深度较低。所考察的样品表明,这些样品堆积于三角洲平原沉积环境中,处于缺氧/缺氧波动条件下,位于湿润气候区,该气候区的特点是干燥,打断了长期的湿润气候体系。这项研究增加了对悉尼盆地北部源岩潜力的了解,以及对二叠纪-三叠纪重大气候危机前一段时间的环境和气候背景的了解。
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引用次数: 0
Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of coal deposition during the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition in the Eastern Cordillera Basin, Colombian Andes 哥伦比亚安第斯山脉东科迪勒拉盆地白垩纪-古近纪过渡时期煤炭沉积的古环境重建
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104626
Stratal stacking patterns and factors influencing peat accumulation in coastal and continental settings represent a significant problem in studying coal-bearing sequences. To address this issue, this work focused on the Cretaceous-Paleogene Guaduas Formation on the Checua-Lenguazaque Syncline (CLS) coalfield in the Eastern Cordillera Basin (Colombian Andes). This study relies on geological survey, facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy, organic geochemistry, and coal petrography. Through these methods, depositional systems and sequences were characterized, and their relationship with coal composition was established. Sedimentary facies were categorized into four Facies Associations (FAs): lagoon, tidal flat, delta plain, and mixed fluvial system. Five T-R sequences (S1 to S5, in ascending order) were identified. S1 consists of lagoon and tidal sandstone, mudstone, and coal. S2-S4 comprise tidal, deltaic, and fluvial deposits. S5 is composed mainly of deltaic and fluvial facies. Thick coal seams (> 0.7 m) were concentrated in the regressive system tracts of S1 and S3, while the transgressive coals were deposited in S2-S3 and are associated with tidal environments. The organic petrography showed enrichment in vitrinite (30.00–85.20 %), while liptinite (0.00–16.60 %) and inertinite (4.60–34.40 %) varied according to depth and paleoenvironments. CLS coalfield displays an environmental evolution from shallow marine and lagoon deposits to deltaic and fluvial environments. Minor sea-level fluctuations, changes in accommodation, siliciclastic influx, and plant community distinguish this sedimentary succession. The deposition of the Guaduas Formation is characterized by a prograding pattern with dominant shallowing-upward cycles in a high accommodation setting. The organic matter accumulated under limno-telmatic to telmatic conditions in mesotrophic to ombrotrophic environments with nutrients derived mainly from rainfall. The paleoclimate for the Guaduas Formation indicates wet and hot conditions for flora expansion. This investigation determined paleoenvironments of the Maastrichtian-Paleocene coastal to fluvial successions within the tropical latitudes, indicating a strong relationship between depositional systems, sequence stratigraphy, paleoclimate, and coal composition.
沿海和大陆环境下的泥炭层堆积模式和影响因素是研究含煤层序的一个重要问题。为解决这一问题,本研究重点研究了哥伦比亚安第斯山脉东科迪勒拉盆地 Checua-Lenguazaque Syncline(CLS)煤田的白垩纪-古近纪 Guaduas 地层。这项研究依赖于地质调查、岩相分析、层序地层学、有机地球化学和煤岩相学。通过这些方法,确定了沉积系统和层序的特征,以及它们与煤炭成分的关系。沉积面被划分为四个面系(FAs):泻湖、潮汐平地、三角洲平原和混合河道系统。确定了五个 T-R 序列(S1 至 S5,按升序排列)。S1 由泻湖和潮汐砂岩、泥岩和煤组成。S2 至 S4 由潮汐沉积、三角洲沉积和河流沉积组成。S5 主要由三角洲和河流地层组成。厚煤层(> 0.7 米)集中在 S1 和 S3 的回归系地层中,而横向煤炭则沉积在 S2-S3 中,与潮汐环境有关。有机岩相显示富含玻璃石(30.00-85.20%),而锂辉石(0.00-16.60%)和惰性石(4.60-34.40%)则因深度和古环境而异。CLS 煤田显示了从浅海和泻湖沉积到三角洲和河流环境的环境演变。轻微的海平面波动、容纳性的变化、硅质岩的涌入以及植物群落都是这一沉积演替的特征。瓜杜阿斯地层的沉积特点是在高容积环境中以浅上循环为主的渐进模式。有机质是在中营养到外营养环境中的石灰质到石灰质条件下积累的,营养物质主要来自降雨。瓜杜阿斯地层的古气候表明,潮湿和炎热的条件有利于植物群的扩展。这项调查确定了热带纬度地区马斯特里赫特-古新世沿海到河道演替的古环境,表明沉积系统、层序地层学、古气候和煤炭成分之间有着密切的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Mitigating climate change by abating coal mine methane: A critical review of status and opportunities 通过减少煤矿甲烷缓解气候变化:对现状和机遇的严格审查
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104623
<div><div>Methane has a short atmospheric lifetime compared to carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), ∼decade versus ∼centuries, but it has a much higher global warming potential (GWP), highlighting how reducing methane emissions can slow the rate of climate change. When considering the contribution of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to current global warming (2010–2019) relative to the industrial revolution (1850–1900) levels, methane contributes 0.5 °C or ∼ a third of the total. The most recent post-2023 global estimates of methane emissions by bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) approaches for the coal mining sector are in the range of ∼41 ± 3 Tg yr<sup>−1</sup> and 33 ± 5 Tg yr<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. This divergence, notwithstanding overlapping confidence intervals, is a result of differences between applied TD global inversion models and BU emission inventories. Further research can help to better refine emissions from the various contributing coal mine methane (CMM) emissions sources. The coal mining sector accounts for over 10 % of global anthropogenic methane emissions. The contribution of CMM emissions to the global budget have increased since 2000, although upward and downward regional trends have been observed.</div><div>The Global Methane Pledge (GMP), which was signed by more than 150 nations, aims to reduce methane emissions by 30 % from 2020 levels by 2030. This could eliminate 0.2 °C of warming by 2050. The success or failure to reach the emission reduction targets of the GMP will depend on engagement with different sectors of the economy. In that regard, the coal sector could play a significant role for mitigating emissions and reaching emission reduction targets. The International Energy Agency (IEA) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) both estimate that over half of global methane emissions from coal operations could be avoided with the application of existing technologies. However, setting up emission reduction scenario targets for the coal mining sector poses significant challenges, which require clear understanding of the magnitude and behavior of CMM emission sources. Notwithstanding regional differences, with improved reporting and data transparency, emission control potential can be more accurately defined, which can inform effective and defensible policy approaches.</div><div>This paper highlights the climate forcing role of methane in the atmosphere and presents a detailed review of CMM emission sources along the coal lifecycle, traditional and new inventory practices applied in different countries, the status of estimating CMM emissions, and opportunities and difficulties associated with mitigating emissions from different CMM sources. Different policy approaches utilizing regulatory and economic mechanisms are explored and concluding remarks for importance and tools of CMM emission mitigation are provided. Ultimately, this paper aims to inform global CMM mitigation and emission reduction scenario t
与二氧化碳 (CO2) 相比,甲烷在大气中的寿命很短,只有十几年而不是几个世纪,但它的全球升温潜能值 (GWP) 却要高得多,这凸显了减少甲烷排放可以减缓气候变化的速度。与工业革命时期(1850-1900 年)的水平相比,如果考虑到温室气体(GHG)排放对当前全球变暖(2010-2019 年)的影响,甲烷的影响为 0.5 °C,占总量的三分之一。根据自下而上(BU)和自上而下(TD)的方法,对煤炭开采行业 2023 年后甲烷排放量的最新全球估计分别为 41 ± 3 Tg yr-1 和 33 ± 5 Tg yr-1。尽管置信区间有重叠,但这种差异是由于应用的TD全球反演模型和BU排放清单之间的差异造成的。进一步的研究有助于更好地完善各种煤矿甲烷 (CMM) 排放源的排放量。煤矿行业占全球人为甲烷排放量的 10% 以上。自 2000 年以来,煤矿甲烷 (CMM) 排放量对全球预算的贡献一直在增加,尽管已观察到区域性的上升和下降趋势。全球甲烷承诺(GMP)由 150 个国家签署,其目标是到 2030 年将甲烷排放量从 2020 年的水平减少 30%,这样到 2050 年就可以消除 0.2°C 的变暖。能否实现 GMP 的减排目标将取决于不同经济部门的参与。在这方面,煤炭行业可在减排和实现减排目标方面发挥重要作用。据国际能源机构(IEA)和美国环境保护局(U.S. EPA)估计,通过应用现有技术,可避免全球一半以上的煤炭业务甲烷排放。然而,为煤炭开采部门设定减排情景目标是一项重大挑战,需要清楚了解煤层气和甲烷排放源的规模和行为。本文强调了甲烷在大气中的气候强迫作用,并详细回顾了煤炭生命周期中的煤层气排放源、不同国家采用的传统和新的清单编制方法、煤层气排放估算现状,以及与减缓不同煤层气排放源相关的机遇和困难。本文探讨了利用监管和经济机制的不同政策方法,并对减缓煤层气排放的重要性和工具进行了总结。最后,本文旨在为全球煤矿部门的煤矿机械缓解和减排情景目标提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial distribution of remaining movable and non-movable oil fractions in a depleted Maastrichtian chalk reservoir, Danish North Sea: Implications for CO2 storage 丹麦北海枯竭马斯特里赫特白垩储层中剩余可移动和不可移动石油馏分的空间分布:对二氧化碳封存的影响
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104624
Depleted oil and gas fields constitute potentially important storage sites for CO2 in the subsurface, but large-scale injection of supercritical (sc) CO2 in chalk has not yet been attempted. One of the risks is the adverse effect of the substantial amount of remaining oil in the chalk reservoirs on scCO2 injection. In order to counter an undesired effect on injectivity, a fundamental understanding of the spatial distribution and quantity of the movable, semi-movable, and non-movable oil, and solid bitumen/asphaltenes fractions of the remaining oil is critical. In this study a combination of organic geochemistry (gas chromatography of the saturated fraction and programmed pyrolysis), and reflected light microscopy was applied to evaluate and measure the spatial distribution, volume, and saturation of different oil fractions in a well-defined reservoir interval of a waterflooded Maastrichtian chalk reservoir in the Danish Central Graben, North Sea. A total of 127 samples from a slightly deviated vertical well and two ∼5 km-long horizontal wells from the Halfdan and Dan fields were analyzed. An original uneven distribution of oil saturation and composition or different production efficiency of different levels in the reservoir may account for variations in the total oil and oil fraction saturations. Gas chromatography shows that the solvent extractable oil is quite similar in composition, characterized by a dominance of polar compounds and a high content of asphaltenes. Extended slow heating (ESH) pyrolysis reveals that most of the remaining oil saturation consists of semi-movable oil and total non-movable oil (non-movable oil plus solid bitumen/asphaltenes). Reduced oil gravity values (API) are related to evaporation loss of the lightest hydrocarbon fraction during core storage and increase of the relative proportion of the heavier oil fractions by waterflooding during production. Microscopy disclosed three forms of oil: i) Patchy distributed lighter, movable oil showing a bluish fluorescence, ii) Brownish staining with a dark orange to brownish fluorescence, and iii) Dark brown non-fluorescing oil and black solid bitumen/asphaltenes occurring in microfossils and along deformation bands and stylolites, constituting the heavy non-movable oil fractions. There is a general correlation between bulk rock porosity and the total non-movable oil saturation. It thus appears that the heavy non-movable oil fractions preferentially occur in association with low-permeability heterogeneities within high-permeability stratigraphic intervals. These intervals appear to favor accumulation of non-movable oil and solid bitumen/asphaltenes and may carry a higher risk for impeding scCO2 flow.
枯竭油气田是地下二氧化碳的潜在重要封存地点,但在白垩中大规模注入超临界(sc)二氧化碳尚未尝试过。风险之一是白垩储层中大量剩余石油对 scCO2 注入的不利影响。为了消除对注入率的不利影响,必须从根本上了解剩余石油中可移动、半可移动和不可移动石油以及固体沥青/沥青质馏分的空间分布和数量。本研究将有机地球化学(饱和馏分的气相色谱法和程序热解)和反射光显微镜相结合,对北海丹麦中央海湾水淹马斯特里赫特白垩系储层中一个明确储层区间内不同油馏分的空间分布、体积和饱和度进行了评估和测量。共分析了来自哈夫丹和丹油田的一口略微偏离的垂直井和两口长达 5 千米的水平井的 127 个样本。油藏中原有的石油饱和度和成分分布不均或不同层位的生产效率不同,可能是总石油和石油馏分饱和度变化的原因。气相色谱法显示,溶剂萃取油的成分非常相似,以极性化合物为主,沥青质含量较高。延长缓慢加热(ESH)热解显示,剩余油饱和度大部分由半可移动油和总不可移动油(不可移动油加上固体沥青/沥青质)组成。石油重力值(API)的降低与岩心储存期间最轻碳氢化合物馏分的蒸发损失以及生产期间注水导致较重石油馏分相对比例的增加有关。显微镜检查发现了三种形式的石油:i) 斑状分布的较轻的可移动石油,呈现蓝色荧光;ii) 带有深橙色至褐色荧光的褐色染色;iii) 暗褐色无荧光石油和黑色固体沥青/沥青质,出现在微化石中,沿着变形带和花柱岩,构成了重的不可移动石油馏分。岩体孔隙度与不可移动石油总饱和度之间存在普遍的相关性。由此看来,重质不可移动石油馏分优先出现在高渗透性地层区间内的低渗透性异质中。这些区段似乎有利于不可移动石油和固体沥青/沥青质的积累,并可能具有较高的阻碍 scCO2 流动的风险。
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引用次数: 0
An improved convolutional architecture for quantitative characterization of pore networks in fine-grained rocks using FIB-SEM 利用 FIB-SEM 对细粒岩石孔隙网络进行定量表征的改进型卷积结构
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104625
Focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) is one of the most advanced imaging techniques for analyzing and understanding complex pore networks in shale and other fine-grained formations. However, FIB-SEM imaging tends to be time-consuming and labor-intensive and can result in biased interpretations associated with pore analysis. Recently, U-Net or its variants for image segmentation have been applied to capture microscopic pores at higher resolutions. The ‘traditional’ encoder-decoder-based approaches tend to detect very fine-scale microscopic pores poorly. This study presents an improved convolutional architecture for automatically analyzing pore structures in shale reservoirs using FIB-SEM. It does so by applying an overcomplete convolutional architecture, KiU-Net, to capture very fine-scale microscopic pores by accurately defining their edges in the input FIB-SEM images. The KiU-Net learns low and high-level features by making the model more sensitive to fine-scale microscopic pores in the input images. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate KiU-Net's capabilities by analyzing different shale formations with varying characteristics. The results indicate that KiU-Net is more accurate and efficient than other methods in predicting nanopores in the Longmaxi, Niutitang, Qingshankou, Qianjiang, and Yanchang Formations (China), Bakken shale (Canada), and coal reservoirs (China). Furthermore, KiU-Net demonstrated the advantage of requiring fewer parameters and achieving super convergence compared to the Attention U-Net technique. KiU-Net addresses the challenges of the Edge-Threshold Automatic Processing (ETAP) methods by capturing very fine-scale microscopic pores with accurate edges. This study further enhances the accuracy and efficiency of pore analysis in shales, thereby offering an improved method for understanding shale reservoir quality with the potential to improve petroleum recovery from such formations.
聚焦离子束扫描电子显微镜(FIB-SEM)是分析和了解页岩和其他细粒地层中复杂孔隙网络的最先进成像技术之一。然而,FIB-SEM 成像往往耗时耗力,并可能导致与孔隙分析相关的解释出现偏差。最近,用于图像分割的 U-Net 或其变体已被用于以更高分辨率捕捉微观孔隙。基于 "传统 "编码器-解码器的方法往往不能很好地检测到非常精细的微观孔隙。本研究提出了一种改进的卷积结构,用于利用 FIB-SEM 自动分析页岩储层中的孔隙结构。它通过应用超完全卷积结构 KiU-Net,在输入的 FIB-SEM 图像中精确定义孔隙边缘,从而捕捉极细微尺度的微观孔隙。KiU-Net 通过提高模型对输入图像中细微孔隙的敏感度来学习低级和高级特征。本研究的目的是通过分析不同特征的页岩层来展示 KiU-Net 的能力。结果表明,KiU-Net 在预测龙马溪地层、牛池塘地层、青山口地层、黔江地层、延长地层(中国)、巴肯页岩(加拿大)和煤储层(中国)中的纳米孔隙时,比其他方法更准确、更高效。此外,与注意力 U-Net 技术相比,KiU-Net 还具有所需参数更少、收敛性更强的优势。KiU-Net 通过捕捉具有精确边缘的极细尺度微观孔隙,解决了边缘阈值自动处理(ETAP)方法所面临的挑战。这项研究进一步提高了页岩中孔隙分析的准确性和效率,从而为了解页岩储层质量提供了一种更好的方法,有望提高此类地层的石油采收率。
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International Journal of Coal Geology
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