Width undulation drives flow convergence routing in five flashy ephemeral river types across a dry summer subtropical region

Abstract

During the last decade, meter-resolution topo-bathymetric digital elevation models (DEMs) have become increasingly utilized within fluvial geomorphology, but most meter-scale geomorphic analyses are done on just one to a few rivers. While such analyses have contributed greatly to our collective understanding of river discharge-topography interactions, which is applicable in both river restoration design and environmental flow regulation contexts, their generalizability across a range of river types remains largely unevaluated. This study assessed the dominance of a single hydro-morphodynamic mechanism, flow convergence routing, in 35 ephemeral rivers divided among five river types in California's South Coast region by answering five questions. Geomorphic covariance structure (GCS) analysis was performed on longitudinal standardized width and standardized, detrended bed elevation spatial series from meter-resolution DEMs. All river types had coherent, multi-scalar structures of longitudinal fluvial topography, implicating a process-morphology link. GCS metrics revealed that landform patterning was consistent with the requirements of the morphodynamic mechanism of flow convergence routing. Thus, that process was found to be a broadly relevant channel altering mechanism among sites, but its relationship with water stage differed between river types. Specifically, river types in unconfined valleys exhibited a strong bankfull width control over base flow bed undulations, with no obvious flood-stage control over bankfull landform patterning. River types in partially confined valleys also exhibited strong bankfull width control over base flow bed undulations, but their bankfull landform patterns appear to have coalesced with coherent width and bed elevation undulations during flood flows. Finally, metrics for confined river types showed that it takes higher magnitude, less frequent floods to set their coherent width and bed elevation undulations, but even these channels do exhibit flow convergence routing when given enough discharge for sufficient duration.