Gayle L. Tyree, Adrian Chappell, Miguel L. Villarreal, Saroj Dhital, Michael C. Duniway, Brandon L. Edwards, Akasha M. Faist, Travis W. Nauman, Nicholas P. Webb
Wind erosion and dust emission from drylands have large consequences for ecosystem function and human health. Wind erosion is naturally reduced by soil crusting and sheltering by non‐erodible roughness elements such as plants. Land uses that reduce surface roughness and disturb the soil surface can dramatically increase dust emission. Extraction of oil and gas is a common and growing land use in the western United States (US) that removes vegetation and other roughness elements for construction of well pads and unpaved access roads, resulting in thousands of small (1–4 ha), discrete patches of unprotected soil. Here, we use a satellite albedo‐based model to assess the effect of oil/gas activity on surface roughness in the Uinta‐Piceance Basin, an area of the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) with dense oil and natural gas development and modelled how the change in surface roughness could impact aeolian sediment flux and dust emission. We also investigated how regional drought influences the response of surface roughness to well pads and access roads. Oil/gas activity reduced surface roughness and increased modelled aeolian sediment flux at the landscape scale across much of the study region, resulting in a modest increase of 10 139 kg of dust per year, which is small relative to dust loads from a single regional dust event observed in the region, but downwind impact could be significant. The magnitude of surface roughness reductions by oil/gas activity was generally consistent among land cover types. However, in parts of the basin that had high cover of annual forbs and grasses, oil/gas activity was associated with larger surface roughness and smaller potential dust emission. Drought decreased surface roughness across disturbed and undisturbed sites, but there was no interactive effect of oil/gas activity and drought on surface roughness. These results suggest that oil/gas activity may increase sediment fluxes and likely contributes to dust emission from landscapes in the UCRB. Understanding how drought and land use change contribute to dust emissions will benefit mitigation of undesirable impacts of wind erosion and dust transport.
{"title":"Oil and gas development influences potential for dust emission from the Upper Colorado River Basin, USA","authors":"Gayle L. Tyree, Adrian Chappell, Miguel L. Villarreal, Saroj Dhital, Michael C. Duniway, Brandon L. Edwards, Akasha M. Faist, Travis W. Nauman, Nicholas P. Webb","doi":"10.1002/esp.5887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5887","url":null,"abstract":"Wind erosion and dust emission from drylands have large consequences for ecosystem function and human health. Wind erosion is naturally reduced by soil crusting and sheltering by non‐erodible roughness elements such as plants. Land uses that reduce surface roughness and disturb the soil surface can dramatically increase dust emission. Extraction of oil and gas is a common and growing land use in the western United States (US) that removes vegetation and other roughness elements for construction of well pads and unpaved access roads, resulting in thousands of small (1–4 ha), discrete patches of unprotected soil. Here, we use a satellite albedo‐based model to assess the effect of oil/gas activity on surface roughness in the Uinta‐Piceance Basin, an area of the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) with dense oil and natural gas development and modelled how the change in surface roughness could impact aeolian sediment flux and dust emission. We also investigated how regional drought influences the response of surface roughness to well pads and access roads. Oil/gas activity reduced surface roughness and increased modelled aeolian sediment flux at the landscape scale across much of the study region, resulting in a modest increase of 10 139 kg of dust per year, which is small relative to dust loads from a single regional dust event observed in the region, but downwind impact could be significant. The magnitude of surface roughness reductions by oil/gas activity was generally consistent among land cover types. However, in parts of the basin that had high cover of annual forbs and grasses, oil/gas activity was associated with larger surface roughness and smaller potential dust emission. Drought decreased surface roughness across disturbed and undisturbed sites, but there was no interactive effect of oil/gas activity and drought on surface roughness. These results suggest that oil/gas activity may increase sediment fluxes and likely contributes to dust emission from landscapes in the UCRB. Understanding how drought and land use change contribute to dust emissions will benefit mitigation of undesirable impacts of wind erosion and dust transport.","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141514239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses the response of the active layer between 2018 and 2020 in a typical rock glacier in the Central Andes of Argentina, in terms of volumetric water content and ground temperature variations. The period 2018–2020 coincided with the warmest and driest years of the last fourth decades in the Central Andes, reflected also in the reduced cooling periods, and decreased extent and duration of snow coverage. We performed sedimentological studies and calculations of thermal properties, along with measurements of water content and soil temperature in the top meter of soil within the active layer. Afterward, using the Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer Model for the Soil–Plant–Atmosphere System (COUP) model software, a number of selected parameters were adjusted to get the best correlation between measured and simulated data, using air temperature and precipitation datasets from global reanalysis models as inputs. This numerical model allowed to interpret the physical processes driven by thermal and hydrological fluxes within the active layer of rock glaciers in the Central Andes. During the autumn, we observed upward migration of moisture controlled by cryosuction at the freezing front. Maximum soil water content and downward moisture migration take place in the end of winter and during the spring, starting with snowmelt and seasonal ice thawing. However, the upper part of the active layer remained much drier than saturation over the simulation period (2018–2019). From the hydrological balance analysis, it is deduced that the studied soil profile receives some inflow of groundwater during spring and summer. Results contribute to better understand the Andean cryo‐lithozone and may be a reference to study other rock glaciers using little and accessible equipment.
{"title":"Water content and ground temperature variations in the active layer of a rock glacier in the Central Andes of San Juan, Argentina","authors":"Martín Mendoza López, Carla Tapia Baldis, Dario Trombotto Liaudat, Silvio Pastore","doi":"10.1002/esp.5926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5926","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the response of the active layer between 2018 and 2020 in a typical rock glacier in the Central Andes of Argentina, in terms of volumetric water content and ground temperature variations. The period 2018–2020 coincided with the warmest and driest years of the last fourth decades in the Central Andes, reflected also in the reduced cooling periods, and decreased extent and duration of snow coverage. We performed sedimentological studies and calculations of thermal properties, along with measurements of water content and soil temperature in the top meter of soil within the active layer. Afterward, using the Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer Model for the Soil–Plant–Atmosphere System (COUP) model software, a number of selected parameters were adjusted to get the best correlation between measured and simulated data, using air temperature and precipitation datasets from global reanalysis models as inputs. This numerical model allowed to interpret the physical processes driven by thermal and hydrological fluxes within the active layer of rock glaciers in the Central Andes. During the autumn, we observed upward migration of moisture controlled by cryosuction at the freezing front. Maximum soil water content and downward moisture migration take place in the end of winter and during the spring, starting with snowmelt and seasonal ice thawing. However, the upper part of the active layer remained much drier than saturation over the simulation period (2018–2019). From the hydrological balance analysis, it is deduced that the studied soil profile receives some inflow of groundwater during spring and summer. Results contribute to better understand the Andean cryo‐lithozone and may be a reference to study other rock glaciers using little and accessible equipment.","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141509868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shihao Fan, Hongming Zhang, Pan Pu, Liang Dong, Hongguang Sun, Hongyi Li, Chao Xu, Bingyi Kang, Zhengjie Ji, Ruxue Chen, Wenhu Yu, Coen J. Ritsema, Violette Geissen
Channel networks have been widely used to model sediment transport and accumulation. Extracting channel networks in the check dam region from digital elevation models on the Loess Plateau can facilitate effective decision‐making and planning for soil and water conservation. Three methods are generally used to ensure the continuity of channel networks by removing check dams as hydrological barriers: filtering, filling and breaching. However, these methods may still cause disruption and displacement of the channel network owing to the existence of check dams. This study presents the development of an integrated method (improved regional growth and linear feature detection [iRG‐LFD]) for extracting natural continuous channel networks and locating check dams. First, a proposed improved region growth method based on channel and check dam terrain features was used to extract the complete channel network. Subsequently, the line segment detector for extracting straight lines was then improved to separate lines with different slopes. Finally, by combining the channel network and line segment detector results, a cross model was proposed for extracting check dams of different sizes. The experimental results for the Wangmaogou and Zhoutungou catchments showed minimal errors when the proposed method was used to extract the channel network, and F1‐scores of 86.67% and 86.95% were obtained for the predicted check dam samples in the two catchments, respectively. The results indicate that this method can be effectively used to extract continuous natural channel networks and accurately identify check dams and can thus be used to design soil and water conservation measures.
河道网络已被广泛用于模拟泥沙输移和堆积。从黄土高原的数字高程模型中提取拦河坝区域的河道网络可促进水土保持的有效决策和规划。通过拆除作为水文障碍的拦河坝来确保河道网络的连续性，通常采用三种方法：过滤、填筑和冲毁。然而，由于拦河坝的存在，这些方法仍可能造成河道网络的中断和位移。本研究提出了一种综合方法（改进的区域增长和线性特征检测 [iRG-LFD]），用于提取自然连续河道网络和定位拦河坝。首先，使用基于渠道和拦河坝地形特征的改进区域增长方法来提取完整的渠道网络。随后，改进了用于提取直线的线段检测器，以分离不同坡度的线段。最后，结合渠道网络和线段检测器的结果，提出了提取不同大小拦河坝的交叉模型。在王茅沟和周屯沟流域的实验结果表明，使用所提出的方法提取河道网络时，误差极小，两个流域预测的拦河坝样本的 F1 分数分别为 86.67% 和 86.95%。结果表明，该方法可有效提取连续的天然河道网络并准确识别拦水坝，从而可用于水土保持措施的设计。
{"title":"An integrated method for extracting channel network with check dams from high‐resolution DEM on the Loess Plateau","authors":"Shihao Fan, Hongming Zhang, Pan Pu, Liang Dong, Hongguang Sun, Hongyi Li, Chao Xu, Bingyi Kang, Zhengjie Ji, Ruxue Chen, Wenhu Yu, Coen J. Ritsema, Violette Geissen","doi":"10.1002/esp.5924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5924","url":null,"abstract":"Channel networks have been widely used to model sediment transport and accumulation. Extracting channel networks in the check dam region from digital elevation models on the Loess Plateau can facilitate effective decision‐making and planning for soil and water conservation. Three methods are generally used to ensure the continuity of channel networks by removing check dams as hydrological barriers: filtering, filling and breaching. However, these methods may still cause disruption and displacement of the channel network owing to the existence of check dams. This study presents the development of an integrated method (improved regional growth and linear feature detection [iRG‐LFD]) for extracting natural continuous channel networks and locating check dams. First, a proposed improved region growth method based on channel and check dam terrain features was used to extract the complete channel network. Subsequently, the line segment detector for extracting straight lines was then improved to separate lines with different slopes. Finally, by combining the channel network and line segment detector results, a cross model was proposed for extracting check dams of different sizes. The experimental results for the Wangmaogou and Zhoutungou catchments showed minimal errors when the proposed method was used to extract the channel network, and F1‐scores of 86.67% and 86.95% were obtained for the predicted check dam samples in the two catchments, respectively. The results indicate that this method can be effectively used to extract continuous natural channel networks and accurately identify check dams and can thus be used to design soil and water conservation measures.","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141509869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anshul Yadav, Sumit Sen, Luca Mao, Marwan A. Hassan
This study focuses on evaluating the sediment mobility and transport patterns in two Himalayan rivers (Aglar and Paligad Rivers) during monsoon and non‐monsoon flows. The virtual velocity approach involving the measurements of the bed proportional mobility (Y), active layer depth (ds), displacement length and virtual velocity of mobilized grains was employed. Both local (0.5 m subsections) and wetted cross‐sectional average parameters were used. While using local parameters the total annual bed material transport was estimated to be 67 100 (±20 400 t) and 18 400 t (±6000 t) in the Aglar and Paligad Rivers, respectively. Of this, nearly 60% of transport occurred during the monsoon and the overall contribution of partial transport (PT) remained low (<6%). However, based on cross‐section average parameters, total transport was estimated to be 42 300 (±15 800 t) and 12 200 t (±4700 t), in Aglar and Paligad, respectively, with nearly 79% and 68% occurring during the monsoon. Moreover, the contribution of PT increased to nearly 18% and 29% for the Aglar and Paligad Rivers, respectively. Additionally, the dependence of PT on Y and full transport on ds results in an abrupt shift in transport rates at the transition from partial to full transport, causing discontinuity in transport curves. Therefore, a unified function was proposed to represent the extent of transport for both partial and full transport, yielding continuous transport curves. These findings are particularly relevant for efficient river management as the region houses several hydropower plants and is highly vulnerable to climate change.
{"title":"Estimation of bed material transport in gravel‐bed streams using the virtual velocity approach: Insights from the North‐Western Himalayas, India","authors":"Anshul Yadav, Sumit Sen, Luca Mao, Marwan A. Hassan","doi":"10.1002/esp.5910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5910","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on evaluating the sediment mobility and transport patterns in two Himalayan rivers (Aglar and Paligad Rivers) during monsoon and non‐monsoon flows. The virtual velocity approach involving the measurements of the bed proportional mobility (<jats:italic>Y</jats:italic>), active layer depth (<jats:italic>d</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>s</jats:italic></jats:sub>), displacement length and virtual velocity of mobilized grains was employed. Both local (0.5 m subsections) and wetted cross‐sectional average parameters were used. While using local parameters the total annual bed material transport was estimated to be 67 100 (±20 400 t) and 18 400 t (±6000 t) in the Aglar and Paligad Rivers, respectively. Of this, nearly 60% of transport occurred during the monsoon and the overall contribution of partial transport (PT) remained low (<6%). However, based on cross‐section average parameters, total transport was estimated to be 42 300 (±15 800 t) and 12 200 t (±4700 t), in Aglar and Paligad, respectively, with nearly 79% and 68% occurring during the monsoon. Moreover, the contribution of PT increased to nearly 18% and 29% for the Aglar and Paligad Rivers, respectively. Additionally, the dependence of PT on <jats:italic>Y</jats:italic> and full transport on <jats:italic>d</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>s</jats:italic></jats:sub> results in an abrupt shift in transport rates at the transition from partial to full transport, causing discontinuity in transport curves. Therefore, a unified function was proposed to represent the extent of transport for both partial and full transport, yielding continuous transport curves. These findings are particularly relevant for efficient river management as the region houses several hydropower plants and is highly vulnerable to climate change.","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141509870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yijia Ye, Xibin Tan, Chao Zhou, Shuang Bian, Yiduo Liu, Feng Shi
It is generally agreed that the channel‐head steady‐state elevations () across a drainage divide are different when the drainage divide is moving. However, whether it is the hillslope or river channel that absorbs the cross‐divide difference in channel‐head steady‐state elevation () remains unclear. These different views have consequences for both the methods used to measure drainage‐divide stability and tectonic reconstructions from channel profiles. Two methods for determining drainage‐divide stability include Gilbert metrics and χ‐plots, which emphasise the role of hillslopes and river channels, respectively. Here, we address this issue by deducing equations for estimating and identifying the absorbers of using numerical simulations and two natural cases. Our results show that both hillslopes and river channels absorb parts of in each case; however, the proportion absorbed varies from case to case. When the hillslope absorbs a greater proportion of , the river channel absorbs less, and vice versa. We suggest that both Gilbert metrics and χ‐plots should be applied when evaluating drainage‐divide stability; if either suggests the divide is unstable, then it is indeed unstable. Moreover, the river channel profiles on both sides of a drainage divide are in disequilibrium when the divide is moving, and the erosion rates are greater and less than the uplift rates at the expanding and shrinking sides, respectively. This underscores that drainage‐divide migration can significantly hinder the extraction of uplift history from channel profiles.
{"title":"Cross‐divide difference in channel‐head steady‐state elevation controls drainage‐divide migration","authors":"Yijia Ye, Xibin Tan, Chao Zhou, Shuang Bian, Yiduo Liu, Feng Shi","doi":"10.1002/esp.5892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5892","url":null,"abstract":"It is generally agreed that the channel‐head steady‐state elevations () across a drainage divide are different when the drainage divide is moving. However, whether it is the hillslope or river channel that absorbs the cross‐divide difference in channel‐head steady‐state elevation () remains unclear. These different views have consequences for both the methods used to measure drainage‐divide stability and tectonic reconstructions from channel profiles. Two methods for determining drainage‐divide stability include Gilbert metrics and χ‐plots, which emphasise the role of hillslopes and river channels, respectively. Here, we address this issue by deducing equations for estimating and identifying the absorbers of using numerical simulations and two natural cases. Our results show that both hillslopes and river channels absorb parts of in each case; however, the proportion absorbed varies from case to case. When the hillslope absorbs a greater proportion of , the river channel absorbs less, and vice versa. We suggest that both Gilbert metrics and χ‐plots should be applied when evaluating drainage‐divide stability; if either suggests the divide is unstable, then it is indeed unstable. Moreover, the river channel profiles on both sides of a drainage divide are in disequilibrium when the divide is moving, and the erosion rates are greater and less than the uplift rates at the expanding and shrinking sides, respectively. This underscores that drainage‐divide migration can significantly hinder the extraction of uplift history from channel profiles.","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141272063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fabian Kirsten, Joris Starke, Albrecht Bauriegel, Robert Müller, Jens Jouaux, C. Lüthgens, Ralf Sinapius, Jacob Hardt
The sandy loess deposits in the lowlands of northern Germany present a valuable sedimentary archive for late Weichselian periglacial geomorphodynamics. While other aeolian sediments from the Late Quaternary, especially loess deposits and sand dunes, have been studied and dated in some detail in the last decades, sandy loess has received less scientific attention with respect to its genesis, composition, age and provenance as well as distribution patterns. In this study, we present detailed results for three sediment sections located on the Fläming ridge in the south of the state of Brandenburg. According to our results from luminescence dating, the sandy loess deposits of this area were deposited during the late MIS 2 (19–14 ka) with a highly variable thickness of at least up to 4 m, followed by a deposition of periglacial coversands shortly thereafter. The sandy loess deposits display a homogeneous geochemical composition and grain size characteristics similar to loess sections in the main loess areas to the west and south. Furthermore, we analysed a large dataset of geological drill data and performed a spatial interpolation of sandy loess distribution in the Western Fläming. Despite the strongly dissected modern landscape of the Fläming ridge which is partly the result of intense Holocene soil erosion processes, general patterns of the original loess distribution could be deduced. Based on these findings, we were able to identify the low‐lying areas to the north and north‐east of the study area to be the most likely source areas for the sandy loess as a result of katabatic winds originating from the Fennoscandian Ice Shield. Thereby, this study yields important insights regarding aeolian transport and deposition patterns under periglacial conditions in the Central European Lowlands.
德国北部低地的砂质黄土沉积为魏克瑟尔晚期围冰期地貌动力学提供了宝贵的沉积档案。在过去的几十年里，人们对第四纪晚期的其他风化沉积物，尤其是黄土沉积物和沙丘，进行了较为详细的研究和年代测定，但对沙质黄土的成因、成分、年代、来源以及分布模式等方面的科学研究关注较少。在本研究中，我们展示了位于勃兰登堡州南部弗莱明山脊的三个沉积物剖面的详细结果。根据我们的发光测年结果，该地区的砂质黄土沉积物沉积于 MIS 2 晚期（19-14 ka），厚度变化很大，至少达 4 米，之后不久沉积了围冰期覆盖砂。砂质黄土沉积显示出均匀的地球化学成分和粒度特征，与西部和南部主要黄土地区的黄土剖面相似。此外，我们还分析了大量的地质钻探数据集，并对西弗莱明地区的砂质黄土分布进行了空间插值。尽管弗莱明山脊的现代地貌部分是由于全新世强烈的土壤侵蚀过程造成的，但仍可推断出原始黄土分布的一般模式。根据这些发现，我们能够确定研究区域北部和东北部的低洼地区最有可能是来自芬诺斯坎迪亚冰盾的卡塔巴赫风所形成的沙质黄土的来源地区。因此，这项研究对中欧低地围冰期条件下的风化搬运和沉积模式提供了重要启示。
{"title":"Age, composition and spatial distribution of sandy loess in north‐eastern Germany (Fläming, Brandenburg)","authors":"Fabian Kirsten, Joris Starke, Albrecht Bauriegel, Robert Müller, Jens Jouaux, C. Lüthgens, Ralf Sinapius, Jacob Hardt","doi":"10.1002/esp.5885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5885","url":null,"abstract":"The sandy loess deposits in the lowlands of northern Germany present a valuable sedimentary archive for late Weichselian periglacial geomorphodynamics. While other aeolian sediments from the Late Quaternary, especially loess deposits and sand dunes, have been studied and dated in some detail in the last decades, sandy loess has received less scientific attention with respect to its genesis, composition, age and provenance as well as distribution patterns. In this study, we present detailed results for three sediment sections located on the Fläming ridge in the south of the state of Brandenburg. According to our results from luminescence dating, the sandy loess deposits of this area were deposited during the late MIS 2 (19–14 ka) with a highly variable thickness of at least up to 4 m, followed by a deposition of periglacial coversands shortly thereafter. The sandy loess deposits display a homogeneous geochemical composition and grain size characteristics similar to loess sections in the main loess areas to the west and south. Furthermore, we analysed a large dataset of geological drill data and performed a spatial interpolation of sandy loess distribution in the Western Fläming. Despite the strongly dissected modern landscape of the Fläming ridge which is partly the result of intense Holocene soil erosion processes, general patterns of the original loess distribution could be deduced. Based on these findings, we were able to identify the low‐lying areas to the north and north‐east of the study area to be the most likely source areas for the sandy loess as a result of katabatic winds originating from the Fennoscandian Ice Shield. Thereby, this study yields important insights regarding aeolian transport and deposition patterns under periglacial conditions in the Central European Lowlands.","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141268710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guoyang Liu, Zhirui Zhong, Tangjin Ye, Jin Meng, Shengze Zhao, Junjie Liu, Shouyi Luo
Rockfalls, a common geohazard in mountainous areas, have destructive impact capacity and may cause failure of dangerous rock masses in their runout range. For slope risk assessment, a thorough understanding of the impact failure processes and dynamic characteristics associated with rockfall movements is necessary. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of rockfall failure behaviours and disaster processes on the dangerous rock mass along the way through three‐dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (3D DDA). To validate the reliability and applicability of 3D DDA, numerous laboratory experiments are performed on the impact of downward moving blocks on the unstable block and block system (i.e. single block–single block, single block–block system and block column–block system models) by comparing the displacements, kinetic energies and movement states of blocks. Using the G318 national road in Tibet as an example, 3D DDA simulates the impact and disaster processes associated with upper rockfalls sourced from a complete giant block and multiple discrete blocks on lower dangerous rock mass. Further, rockfall failure modes, movement characteristics, block interactions and impact phenomena are investigated. Results show that 3D DDA can effectively simulate block movement and impact interaction. The upper rockfalls impact the initially stable lower dangerous rock mass, which is the triggering factor for failure of the lower dangerous rock mass. The blocks from the upper rockfalls interact and merge to move downward, increasing the total volume and impact capacity of the rockfalls. It has been discovered that the rockfall disaster caused by the impact of an upper rockfall comprising discrete blocks on a lower dangerous rock mass is more severe than that resulting from the impact of a complete block. Overall, the results of this research can be used to help predict and prevent rockfall disasters.
{"title":"Impact failure and disaster processes associated with rockfalls based on three‐dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis","authors":"Guoyang Liu, Zhirui Zhong, Tangjin Ye, Jin Meng, Shengze Zhao, Junjie Liu, Shouyi Luo","doi":"10.1002/esp.5893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5893","url":null,"abstract":"Rockfalls, a common geohazard in mountainous areas, have destructive impact capacity and may cause failure of dangerous rock masses in their runout range. For slope risk assessment, a thorough understanding of the impact failure processes and dynamic characteristics associated with rockfall movements is necessary. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of rockfall failure behaviours and disaster processes on the dangerous rock mass along the way through three‐dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (3D DDA). To validate the reliability and applicability of 3D DDA, numerous laboratory experiments are performed on the impact of downward moving blocks on the unstable block and block system (i.e. single block–single block, single block–block system and block column–block system models) by comparing the displacements, kinetic energies and movement states of blocks. Using the G318 national road in Tibet as an example, 3D DDA simulates the impact and disaster processes associated with upper rockfalls sourced from a complete giant block and multiple discrete blocks on lower dangerous rock mass. Further, rockfall failure modes, movement characteristics, block interactions and impact phenomena are investigated. Results show that 3D DDA can effectively simulate block movement and impact interaction. The upper rockfalls impact the initially stable lower dangerous rock mass, which is the triggering factor for failure of the lower dangerous rock mass. The blocks from the upper rockfalls interact and merge to move downward, increasing the total volume and impact capacity of the rockfalls. It has been discovered that the rockfall disaster caused by the impact of an upper rockfall comprising discrete blocks on a lower dangerous rock mass is more severe than that resulting from the impact of a complete block. Overall, the results of this research can be used to help predict and prevent rockfall disasters.","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141191419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paul Krenn, Nicole Kamp, Stefanie Peßenteiner, Oliver Sass
Extreme precipitation events in small alpine catchments trigger hazardous hydro‐geomorphic processes that cause considerable damage to settlements and infrastructure. In summer 2011 and 2017, two flood events mobilizing large amounts of sediments struck the town of Oberwölz (Styria, Austria) located at the outlet of the Schöttlbach catchment. We used data from local weather stations and precipitation radar to analyse the meteorological settings that caused the flooding. We compiled a consistent sediment budget for the 2017 event by combining geomorphic mapping, connectivity analysis, high‐resolution airborne LiDAR (ALS) and uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV)‐borne LiDAR (ULS), data from other authors for the 2011 event and external information (e.g., event analysis and excavation data). The 2017 event mobilized higher sediment volumes than the 2011 event (131 000 m3 vs 90 000 m3) even though 24‐h precipitation and peak discharges were lower in 2017. First assumptions that the larger sediment output was caused by the reworking of the 2011 flood deposits proved to be incorrect. The impacts of the 2011 event affected the resilience of the geomorphic system resulting in a significantly higher hillslope sediment supply. We conclude that sediment transport in alpine catchments can increase disproportionately when recurrence intervals fall below a critical level.
{"title":"Analysing the impacts of extreme torrential events using multi‐temporal LiDAR datasets—The Schöttlbach catchment, Upper Styria, Austria","authors":"Paul Krenn, Nicole Kamp, Stefanie Peßenteiner, Oliver Sass","doi":"10.1002/esp.5859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5859","url":null,"abstract":"Extreme precipitation events in small alpine catchments trigger hazardous hydro‐geomorphic processes that cause considerable damage to settlements and infrastructure. In summer 2011 and 2017, two flood events mobilizing large amounts of sediments struck the town of Oberwölz (Styria, Austria) located at the outlet of the Schöttlbach catchment. We used data from local weather stations and precipitation radar to analyse the meteorological settings that caused the flooding. We compiled a consistent sediment budget for the 2017 event by combining geomorphic mapping, connectivity analysis, high‐resolution airborne LiDAR (ALS) and uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV)‐borne LiDAR (ULS), data from other authors for the 2011 event and external information (e.g., event analysis and excavation data). The 2017 event mobilized higher sediment volumes than the 2011 event (131 000 m<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> vs 90 000 m<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>) even though 24‐h precipitation and peak discharges were lower in 2017. First assumptions that the larger sediment output was caused by the reworking of the 2011 flood deposits proved to be incorrect. The impacts of the 2011 event affected the resilience of the geomorphic system resulting in a significantly higher hillslope sediment supply. We conclude that sediment transport in alpine catchments can increase disproportionately when recurrence intervals fall below a critical level.","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141191416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junyang Liu, Zhengchao Zhou, Hao Chen, Weixiao Han
Plant roots significantly reduce soil detachment by overland flow. However, there have been few studies on how plant growth time and hydrodynamic characteristics affect the erosion‐reducing potential of plant roots. This study cultivated ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as representative of plants possessing fibrous roots and taproots, respectively, in silty soil from the Loess Plateau, China. Root‐soil composites were collected monthly from March to September 2021 and subjected to flow scouring in a hydraulic flume at a 15° slope using five different flow discharges (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.3 L s−1). The results of the study indicated that root length density, root surface area density and root mass density exhibited a significant increase during the early growth phase, followed by a slight decrease. All parameters of fibrous roots revealed greater values than those of taproots, except for root mass density. The reduction in soil detachment under varying flow shear stresses showed a significant increase during the early phases of growth, followed by a gradual decline. Notably, fibrous roots demonstrated a greater impact on soil detachment than taproots, and this discrepancy fluctuated over time. Moreover, the contributions of fibrous and taproots to reducing soil detachment decreased from 55.81% to 39.66% and from 38.21% to 20.99% with increasing flow shear stress, respectively. It indicated that the erosion‐reducing potential of plant roots was greater when subjected to low‐flow shear stress compared to high‐flow shear stress. This study can provide a scientific basis for understanding the erosion‐reducing potential of plant roots at different growing stages and under varying hydrodynamic characteristics.
{"title":"Varied root effects on soil detachment with growth time and hydrodynamic characteristics","authors":"Junyang Liu, Zhengchao Zhou, Hao Chen, Weixiao Han","doi":"10.1002/esp.5839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5839","url":null,"abstract":"Plant roots significantly reduce soil detachment by overland flow. However, there have been few studies on how plant growth time and hydrodynamic characteristics affect the erosion‐reducing potential of plant roots. This study cultivated ryegrass (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Lolium perenne</jats:styled-content> L</jats:italic>.) and alfalfa (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Medicago sativa</jats:styled-content> L</jats:italic>.) as representative of plants possessing fibrous roots and taproots, respectively, in silty soil from the Loess Plateau, China. Root‐soil composites were collected monthly from March to September 2021 and subjected to flow scouring in a hydraulic flume at a 15° slope using five different flow discharges (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.3 L s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>). The results of the study indicated that root length density, root surface area density and root mass density exhibited a significant increase during the early growth phase, followed by a slight decrease. All parameters of fibrous roots revealed greater values than those of taproots, except for root mass density. The reduction in soil detachment under varying flow shear stresses showed a significant increase during the early phases of growth, followed by a gradual decline. Notably, fibrous roots demonstrated a greater impact on soil detachment than taproots, and this discrepancy fluctuated over time. Moreover, the contributions of fibrous and taproots to reducing soil detachment decreased from 55.81% to 39.66% and from 38.21% to 20.99% with increasing flow shear stress, respectively. It indicated that the erosion‐reducing potential of plant roots was greater when subjected to low‐flow shear stress compared to high‐flow shear stress. This study can provide a scientific basis for understanding the erosion‐reducing potential of plant roots at different growing stages and under varying hydrodynamic characteristics.","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141168021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Belhaj Fatima, Hlila Rachid, El Kadiri Khalil, Ouallali Abdessalam, Belkendil Abdeldjalil, Beroho Mohamed, Aqil Tariq, J. Davis Brian, Walid Soufan
This research used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) with Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) model. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, while also incorporating the use of a geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) to predict the annual soil loss rate and spatialise the processes of water erosion at the scale of the Loukkos Watershed, Morocco. The RUSLE model and AHP parameters were estimated using RS data, and the erosion vulnerability zones were determined using GIS. We used five parameters, including precipitation erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness, vegetation cover, and soil erosion control practices in the RUSLE. For the AHP technique, we used seven geo‐environmental factors, including annual average precipitation, drainage density, lineament density, slope, soil texture, land use/land cover and landform maps. The results of RUSLE indicated that the average annual soil loss varied from 0 to 2388.27 . The total estimated annual potential soil loss was approximately 40 790 220.11 , and a sediment yield estimated by RUSLE‐SDR was 8 647 526.66 , equivalent to 6.65 Mm3. This value is very close to the measured value of 6.81 Mm3, for a difference of 0.16 Mm3. Furthermore, the results of the AHP indicate that the soil erosion potential index varies from 0 to 0.205315 . Overall, nearly 13.7% of the area suffered from severe soil erosion exceeding 50 . Approximately 80% of the Loukkos Watershed area experienced only slight erosion, while the remaining 6% incurred moderate erosion. Integrating GIS and RS into the RUSLE model and AHP helped us robustly estimate the extent and degree of erosion risk. Territorial decision‐makers should adopt our results to develop soil conservation strategies, water management plans and other necessary soil and water conservation measures for this region.
{"title":"Modelling, quantification and estimation of the soil water erosion using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation with Sediment Delivery Ratio and the analytic hierarchy process models","authors":"Belhaj Fatima, Hlila Rachid, El Kadiri Khalil, Ouallali Abdessalam, Belkendil Abdeldjalil, Beroho Mohamed, Aqil Tariq, J. Davis Brian, Walid Soufan","doi":"10.1002/esp.5882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5882","url":null,"abstract":"This research used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) with Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) model. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, while also incorporating the use of a geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) to predict the annual soil loss rate and spatialise the processes of water erosion at the scale of the Loukkos Watershed, Morocco. The RUSLE model and AHP parameters were estimated using RS data, and the erosion vulnerability zones were determined using GIS. We used five parameters, including precipitation erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness, vegetation cover, and soil erosion control practices in the RUSLE. For the AHP technique, we used seven geo‐environmental factors, including annual average precipitation, drainage density, lineament density, slope, soil texture, land use/land cover and landform maps. The results of RUSLE indicated that the average annual soil loss varied from 0 to 2388.27 . The total estimated annual potential soil loss was approximately 40 790 220.11 , and a sediment yield estimated by RUSLE‐SDR was 8 647 526.66 , equivalent to 6.65 Mm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>. This value is very close to the measured value of 6.81 Mm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>, for a difference of 0.16 Mm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>. Furthermore, the results of the AHP indicate that the soil erosion potential index varies from 0 to 0.205315 . Overall, nearly 13.7% of the area suffered from severe soil erosion exceeding 50 . Approximately 80% of the Loukkos Watershed area experienced only slight erosion, while the remaining 6% incurred moderate erosion. Integrating GIS and RS into the RUSLE model and AHP helped us robustly estimate the extent and degree of erosion risk. Territorial decision‐makers should adopt our results to develop soil conservation strategies, water management plans and other necessary soil and water conservation measures for this region.","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141167735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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