Protecting the Last Line of Defense: Analytical Approaches for Sample Preparation and Determination of the Reserve Group of Antibiotics in the Environment.

IF 4.2 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Critical reviews in analytical chemistry Pub Date : 2024-03-17 DOI:10.1080/10408347.2024.2321161
Joanna Wilk, Sylwia Bajkacz
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Drug resistance in microorganisms is a serious threat to life and health due to the limited number of antibiotics that show efficacy in treating infections and the difficulty in discovering new compounds with antibacterial activity. To address this issue, the World Health Organization created the AWaRe classification, a tool to support global and national antimicrobial stewardship programs. The AWaRe list categorizes antimicrobials into three groups - Access, Watch, and Reserve - according to their intended use. The Reserve group comprises "last resort" medicines used solely for treating infections caused by bacterial strains that are resistant to other treatments. It is therefore necessary to protect them, not only by using them as prudently as possible in humans and animals, but also by monitoring their subsequent fate. Unmetabolized antibiotics enter the environment through hospital and municipal wastewater or from manure, subsequently contaminating bodies of water and soils, thus contributing to the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. This article presents a review of determination methods for the Reserve group of antimicrobials in water, wastewater, and manure. Procedures for extracting and determining these substances in environmental samples are described, showing the limited research available, which is typically on a local level.

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保护最后一道防线:样品制备和环境中储备类抗生素测定的分析方法。
由于能有效治疗感染的抗生素数量有限,而且很难发现具有抗菌活性的新化合物,微生物的耐药性严重威胁着人们的生命和健康。为解决这一问题,世界卫生组织创建了 AWaRe 分类,作为支持全球和国家抗菌药物管理计划的工具。AWaRe 列表根据抗菌药物的预期用途将其分为三类:准入类、观察类和储备类。储备组包括 "最后手段 "药物,仅用于治疗对其他疗法产生抗药性的细菌菌株引起的感染。因此,有必要保护这些药物,不仅要尽可能谨慎地在人类和动物身上使用,还要监测它们随后的去向。未代谢的抗生素通过医院和市政废水或粪便进入环境,随后污染水体和土壤,从而导致抗生素耐药性的出现和传播。本文综述了水、废水和粪便中 Reserve 类抗菌素的测定方法。文章介绍了在环境样本中提取和测定这些物质的程序,并展示了有限的研究成果,这些研究通常是在地方层面上进行的。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
12.00
自引率
4.00%
发文量
137
审稿时长
6 months
期刊介绍: Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry continues to be a dependable resource for both the expert and the student by providing in-depth, scholarly, insightful reviews of important topics within the discipline of analytical chemistry and related measurement sciences. The journal exclusively publishes review articles that illuminate the underlying science, that evaluate the field''s status by putting recent developments into proper perspective and context, and that speculate on possible future developments. A limited number of articles are of a "tutorial" format written by experts for scientists seeking introduction or clarification in a new area. This journal serves as a forum for linking various underlying components in broad and interdisciplinary means, while maintaining balance between applied and fundamental research. Topics we are interested in receiving reviews on are the following: · chemical analysis; · instrumentation; · chemometrics; · analytical biochemistry; · medicinal analysis; · forensics; · environmental sciences; · applied physics; · and material science.
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