Miocene evolution of the External Rif Zone (Morocco): Comparison with similar and lateral southern Mediterranean Tethyan margins

IF 2.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOLOGY Sedimentary Geology Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2024.106619
Manuel Martín-Martín , Francesco Guerrera , Juan Carlos Cañaveras , Francisco Javier Alcalá , Francisco Serrano , Alí Maaté , Rachid Hlila , Soufian Maaté , Antonio Sánchez-Navas , Crina Miclăus , José Enrique Tent-Manclús , Manuel Bullejos
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Abstract

The Miocene evolution of the External Rif Zone (NW Africa Plate) was determined through multidisciplinary analysis of fourteen successions. The updated stratigraphic framework shows how Miocene sediments rest on the Cretaceous–Paleogene terrains through unconformity surfaces, whereas it rests with sedimentary continuity in two sectors. After recognition of lithofacies and three unconformities located near the Oligocene–Aquitanian, Aquitanian–Burdigalian and Serravallian–Tortonian boundaries, the Miocene sedimentary record was divided into three stratigraphic intervals representing deep to shallow marine deposits as Aquitanian–Burdigalian, Langhian and Upper Serravallian–Missinian. The two oldest unconformites are restricted to the central sector, while the upper one is generalized and probably related to the nappe tectonics registered in all sectors of the External Rif. Data from analysis of tectofacies, petrology, mineralogy, meaning and implications of unconformities, and subsidence indicate that: (i) mass flow deposits (turbidites, slumps, olistostromes) are common in all successions but more frequent during the Lower Miocene; (ii) petrology of the detrital components of the arenites indicates recycled orogen-derived sediments, with quartz coming from erosion of metamorphic rocks of the Atlas orogen and/or the African craton; (iii) mineralogy of mudstones suggests a complex erosional evolution of local emerged areas derived from a mixture of contributions coming from the erosion of Upper Jurassic to Paleogene suites, and especially from kaolinite-rich Albian–Cenomanian to Paleogene successions with absence of a clear unroofing. The conjunction of all these clues reinforces the idea of a synsedimentary tectonics affecting the margin/basin system during the Miocene. A thickness analysis of the studied sedimentary successions allows proposing the evolution of the orogenic front and main depozones (foredeep, bulges, wedge-top and intramontane sub-basins) integrated in a complex foreland system migrating from north to south with the Atlas-Mesetas area acting as foreland during Miocene. The orogenic front moved from the Internal Intrarif to Mesorif and later to Internal Prerif. The main wedge-top basin also migrated from the Internal Intrarif to External Intrarif. The foredeep migrated from the Mesorif to the Internal Prerif, while the main forebulge was located in the External Prerif and a secondary bulge developed in the External Intrarif. Intramontane basins developed behind the orogenic front in relative extensional conditions moving from the Internal Intrarif to External Intrarif. The reconstructed Miocene evolution was inserted into a 2D paleogeographic-geodynamic evolutionary model using GPlates software, and then compared to those reported in other external margins of the western Tethys (Betic Chain, Tunisian Tell, Sicilian Maghrebids and Apennines), revealing important similarities and local differences.

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外里夫区(摩洛哥)的中新世演化:与类似和横向的地中海南部泰西边缘的比较
通过对 14 个续层的多学科分析,确定了外里夫区(西北非洲板块)中新世的演化过程。更新的地层框架显示了中新世沉积物是如何通过不整合地层表面与白垩纪-古近纪地层相衔接的,而在两个区段则与沉积物的连续性相衔接。在确认了岩相和位于渐新世-阿基坦、阿基坦-伯迪加里和塞拉瓦利安-托尔托尼边界附近的三个不整合地层之后,中新世沉积记录被划分为三个地层区间,分别代表深海至浅海沉积,即阿基坦-伯迪加里、朗希安和上塞拉瓦利安-米辛。最古老的两个不整合地层仅限于中部地区,而上部的不整合地层则具有普遍性,可能与外里夫省所有地区的岩层构造有关。对构造成因、岩石学、矿物学、非地层的意义和影响以及沉降的分析数据表明(i) 大量流动沉积物(浊积岩、坍塌岩、鲕粒岩)在所有演替中都很常见,但在下中新世更为频繁;(ii) 磁性砂岩的岩石学表明是造山带的再循环沉积物,其中的石英来自阿特拉斯造山带和/或非洲陨石坑变质岩的侵蚀;(iii) 泥岩的矿物学表明,当地出现的区域侵蚀演化过程复杂,来自上侏罗统至古近纪岩组的侵蚀,特别是来自富含高岭石的阿尔卑斯-仙人掌统至古近纪岩组的侵蚀,没有明显的卸顶。所有这些线索都加强了中新世期间影响边缘/盆地系统的同步沉积构造的观点。通过对所研究的沉积成因进行厚度分析,可以提出中新世时期造山前缘和主要剥蚀带(前深部、隆起、楔顶和山内亚盆地)的演化过程,它们被整合在一个由北向南迁移的复杂前缘系统中,阿特拉斯-梅塞塔斯地区在中新世时期充当了前缘的角色。造山前缘从内特拉里夫(Internal Intrarif)移至梅索里夫(Mesorif),后来又移至内特拉里夫(Internal Prerif)。主要的楔顶盆地也从内幕裂谷向外幕裂谷迁移。前深盆地从中西断裂带迁移到内部前断裂带,而主要的前隆起位于外部前断裂带,外部内部断裂带则发育了第二隆起。在相对伸展的条件下,造山前缘的后方形成了内盆地,从内外侧裂向外内侧裂移动。利用 Gplates 软件将重建的中新世演化插入二维古地理-地球动力学演化模型,然后将其与特提斯西部其他外缘(贝蒂奇链、突尼斯泰勒、西西里马格里布和亚平宁半岛)的演化进行比较,发现了重要的相似之处和局部差异。
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来源期刊
Sedimentary Geology
Sedimentary Geology 地学-地质学
CiteScore
5.10
自引率
7.10%
发文量
133
审稿时长
32 days
期刊介绍: Sedimentary Geology is a journal that rapidly publishes high quality, original research and review papers that cover all aspects of sediments and sedimentary rocks at all spatial and temporal scales. Submitted papers must make a significant contribution to the field of study and must place the research in a broad context, so that it is of interest to the diverse, international readership of the journal. Papers that are largely descriptive in nature, of limited scope or local geographical significance, or based on limited data will not be considered for publication.
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