Dehydration-driven deformation of eclogite: Interplay between fluid discharge and rheology

Abstract

Aqueous fluids released during dehydration of a subducting slab have a large effect on the rheology of the subduction interface. While high-pressure experiments and natural-case studies link deformation with critical dehydration reactions during eclogitization, the exact interplay between these processes remains ambiguous. To investigate fluid–rock interaction and associated deformation at high-pressure, we studied a suite of eclogites from the Tsäkkok Lens of the Scandinavian Caledonides that record prograde metamorphism within an Early Palaeozoic cold subduction zone. Our results show that in-situ dehydration during the blueschist to eclogite facies transition produces fluid fluxes leading to rheological weakening and densification, consequently promoting ductile-brittle deformation. Petrographic evidence, supported by thermodynamic modelling and thermobarometry, attest to a prograde passage from lawsonite-blueschist to peak eclogite facies of ~2.5 GPa and ~620°C. Phengite-bearing eclogites imply interaction with an externally-derived fluid, whereas rare phengite-free, kyanite-eclogites only record internally-derived fluid production. Models predict that prograde breakdown of chlorite, lawsonite and amphibole between 500 and 610°C lead to progressive dehydration and release of up to 4.6 wt.% of aqueous fluid. Microstructural data reveal elongated shapes of highly strained omphacite porphyroblasts, displaying minor yet gradual changes in misorientation towards the grain boundaries. Occasionally, these intragranular structures form subgrain cells that have similar sizes to those of neoblasts in the rock matrix. These observations point to the potential onset of dynamic recrystallization processes via dislocation creep. Moreover, the omphacite neoblasts and rutile show non-random crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs), which are characterized by the subparallel alignment of point-like maxima in rutile [001] and [100] axes to those of [001] and (010) of omphacite neoblasts, respectively. Additionally, the [001] axes of these minerals are also subparallel to the weak stretching mineral lineation, and the (100) of rutile and the (010) of omphacite neoblasts are distributed in the plane of the foliation. This suggests that the development of their CPOs was coeval and structurally controlled. Garnet microfractures normal to the foliation are dilated and sealed predominantly by omphacite. The lack of obliquity between CPO and foliation plane, as well as the systematic orientation of garnet microfracture orientations, are consistent with coaxial deformation at peak-pressure conditions. Unlike other studies, we show that neither an external fluid source nor channelized fluid flow is needed to facilitate a ductile-brittle deformation of eclogite in a subduction setting.