Vaccine adjuvants for infectious disease in the clinic

IF 6.1 2区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Bioengineering & Translational Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI:10.1002/btm2.10663
Morgan Goetz, Naaz Thotathil, Zongmin Zhao, Samir Mitragotri
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Abstract

Adjuvants, materials added to vaccines to enhance the resulting immune response, are important components of vaccination that are many times overlooked. While vaccines always include an antigen to tell the body what to vaccinate to, of equal importance the adjuvant provides the how, a significant factor in producing a complete response. The adjuvant space has been slow to develop with the first use of an adjuvant in a licensed vaccine occurring in the 1930s, and remaining the only adjuvant in licensed vaccines for the next 80 years. However, with vaccination at the forefront of protection against new and complex pathogens, it is important to consider all components when designing an effective vaccine. Here we summarize the adjuvant space in licensed vaccines as well as the novel adjuvant space in clinical trials with a specific focus on the materials utilized and their resulting impact on the immune response. We discuss five major categories of adjuvant materials: aluminum salts, nanoparticles, viral vectors, TLR agonists, and emulsions. For each category, we delve into the current clinical trials space, the impact of these materials on vaccination, as well as some of the ways in which they could be improved. Adjuvants present an exciting opportunity to improve vaccine responses and stability, this review will help inform about the current progress of this space.

Translational impact statement

In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines for infectious diseases have come into the spotlight. While antigens have always been an important focus of vaccine design, the adjuvant is a significant tool for enhancing the immune response to the vaccine that has been largely underdeveloped. This article provides a broad review of the history of adjuvants and, the current vaccine adjuvant space, and the progress seen in adjuvants in clinical trials. There is specific emphasis on the material landscape for adjuvants and their resulting mechanism of action. Looking ahead, while the novel vaccine adjuvant space features exciting new technologies and materials, there is still a need for more to meet the protective needs of new and complex pathogens.

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临床中的传染病疫苗佐剂
佐剂是添加到疫苗中以增强免疫反应的材料,是疫苗接种的重要组成部分,但却常常被忽视。虽然疫苗总是包含抗原,告诉身体接种什么疫苗,但同样重要的是佐剂提供了如何接种的方法,这是产生完整反应的一个重要因素。佐剂领域的发展一直很缓慢,20 世纪 30 年代首次在许可疫苗中使用佐剂,此后的 80 年中,佐剂一直是许可疫苗中的唯一佐剂。然而,由于疫苗接种是抵御新型复杂病原体的最前沿,因此在设计有效疫苗时必须考虑到所有成分。在此,我们总结了许可疫苗中的佐剂领域以及临床试验中的新型佐剂领域,并特别关注所使用的材料及其对免疫反应的影响。我们将讨论五大类佐剂材料:铝盐、纳米颗粒、病毒载体、TLR 激动剂和乳剂。对于每一类佐剂,我们都会深入探讨当前的临床试验领域、这些材料对疫苗接种的影响以及一些可以改进的方法。佐剂为改善疫苗反应和稳定性提供了一个令人兴奋的机会,本综述将有助于了解该领域目前的进展情况。
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来源期刊
Bioengineering & Translational Medicine
Bioengineering & Translational Medicine Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics-Pharmaceutical Science
CiteScore
8.40
自引率
4.10%
发文量
150
审稿时长
12 weeks
期刊介绍: Bioengineering & Translational Medicine, an official, peer-reviewed online open-access journal of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) and the Society for Biological Engineering (SBE), focuses on how chemical and biological engineering approaches drive innovative technologies and solutions that impact clinical practice and commercial healthcare products.
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