Modelling remission from overweight type 2 diabetes reveals how altering advice may counter relapse

Abstract

The development or remission of diet-induced overweight type 2 diabetes involves many biological changes which occur over very different timescales. Remission, defined by ${\text{HbA}}_{1\text{c}}<6.5\text{\%}$, or fasting plasma glucose concentration $G<126$ mg/dl, may be achieved rapidly by following weight loss guidelines. However, remission is often short-term, followed by relapse. Mathematical modelling provides a way of investigating a typical situation, in which patients are advised to lose weight and then maintain fat mass, a slow variable. Remission followed by relapse, in a modelling sense, is equivalent to changing from a remission trajectory with steady state $G<126$ mg/dl, to a relapse trajectory with steady state $G\ge 126$ mg/dl. Modelling predicts that a trajectory which maintains weight will be a relapse trajectory, if the fat mass chosen is too high, the threshold being dependent on the lipid to carbohydrate ratio of the diet. Modelling takes into account the effects of hepatic and pancreatic lipid on hepatic insulin sensitivity and $\beta$-cell function, respectively. This study leads to the suggestion that type 2 diabetes remission guidelines be given in terms of model parameters, not variables; that is, the patient should adhere to a given nutrition and exercise plan, rather than achieve a certain subset of variable values. The model predicts that calorie restriction, not weight loss, initiates remission from type 2 diabetes; and that advice of the form ‘adhere to the diet and exercise plan’ rather than ‘achieve a certain weight loss’ may help counter relapse.