Preliminary study on cranial measurements and sexual dimorphism in skull bones of gaur (Bos gaurus gaurus, Smith 1827)

IF 0.8 4区 农林科学 Q4 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Anatomia Histologia Embryologia Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI:10.1111/ahe.13031
Ritesh Vishwakarma, Chandra Prakash Sharma, Samrat Mondol, Bilal Habib, Bhaskar Bhandari, Rajiv Mishra, Nitin Gupta, Jasbir Singh Chauhan, Parag Nigam
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Abstract

Cranial measurements have been widely used in various studies in wildlife sciences, ranging from understanding predator ecology to wildlife forensics. However, detailed description of morphometry and sexual dimorphism of the skull of gaur Bos gaurus gaurus is lacking. The present study was undertaken to determine the sexual dimorphism based on the cranial measurements of gaur. A total of 12 individual gaur skulls of male (n = 6) and female (n = 6) were studied in the field from the naturally deceased animals between January 2018 and December 2021 in different ranges of Bandhavgarh tiger reserve (BTR), Madhya Pradesh, India. The skull measurements were analysed using univariate and multivariate statistics to determine whether cranial dimensions could be used to differentiate male and female skulls reliably. A total of 43 morphometrical parameters grouped into nine indices were calculated. Select morphometrical parameters viz PL, GFL, AKI, LBB, LFB, GBEE, GBAN, BPOP and GTCH were significantly different (p < 0.05) between sexes, whereas GBAN were significantly higher in female skulls. The measurements demonstrated that the skull of the gaur was dolichocephalic as the profile length and the otion to otion breath in both male and female were <75% of the length. Overall, 28 linear measurements of both the sexes were statistically significant (p < 0.05; <0.01). The calculated indices revealed that the foramen magnum index in the female gaur were significantly higher. In calculated cranial indices the facial index (a) was higher in female and facial index (b) were higher in males. The two important parameters, facial breadth in facial index (a) and the greatest breadth in facial index (b) were positively correlated, though facial index (a) was statistically not significant between the sexes. The greater inner length of the foramen magnum in female skull resulted in foramen being oval whereas it was circular in males. These parameters were decisive for sexual dimorphism, skull comparison and craniological studies. This study ascertained that the frontal index and skull index had no significant influence and were not good indices for discriminating skulls between male and female. Based on the Principal Component Analysis, it was found that skull of male and female gaurs exhibits differences in cranial morphology viz. cranial profile length or total length (PL) and the least inner height of the temporal groove (LIHT). The findings of the present study provide baseline information on various craniometrical measurements of skull of gaur, indices and parameters for sex identification that can be effectively used in understanding sex biased predation ecology, provide base line information to describe variation across its geographic range, and in identifying skulls recovered in wildlife offence cases.

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蹄髈(Bos gaurus gaurus,Smith 1827 年)头骨的颅骨测量和性双态性的初步研究
颅骨测量被广泛应用于野生动物科学的各种研究中,从了解捕食者生态学到野生动物法医学。然而,目前还缺乏对 "蹄鸊 "头骨形态测量和性二型的详细描述。本研究的目的是根据蹄鸊头骨的测量结果确定其性别二形性。2018 年 1 月至 2021 年 12 月期间,在印度中央邦班达夫加尔老虎保护区(Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve,BTR)的不同范围内,对自然死亡的动物中的雄性(n = 6)和雌性(n = 6)共 12 个个体的头骨进行了实地研究。采用单变量和多变量统计对头骨测量结果进行了分析,以确定头骨尺寸是否可用于可靠地区分雌雄头骨。共计算了 43 个形态参数,分为 9 个指数。部分形态参数,即PL、GFL、AKI、LBB、LFB、GBEE、GBAN、BPOP和GTCH在性别间存在显著差异(p <0.05),而GBAN在女性头骨中显著较高。测量结果表明,雌性和雄性的头骨轮廓长度和从头顶到头顶的呼吸均为长度的 75%,因此雌性和雄性的头骨均为双顶头骨。总体而言,雌雄牛的 28 项线性测量结果均有统计学意义(p <0.05;<0.01)。计算的指数显示,雌性骟牛的枕骨大孔指数明显较高。在计算的颅骨指数中,雌性的面部指数(a)较高,雄性的面部指数(b)较高。面部指数(a)中的面部宽度和面部指数(b)中的最大宽度这两个重要参数呈正相关,但面部指数(a)在性别间的统计学差异不显著。雌性头骨大孔的内侧长度较大,导致大孔呈椭圆形,而雄性则呈圆形。这些参数对性别二形性、头骨比较和头骨学研究具有决定性意义。这项研究确定,额头指数和头骨指数没有显著影响,不是区分雌雄头骨的良好指数。基于主成分分析,研究发现雌雄高尔人的头骨在头骨形态上存在差异,即头骨轮廓长度或总长度(PL)和颞沟内侧最低高度(LIHT)。本研究结果提供了雌雄尕尔头骨的各种颅骨测量数据、性别鉴定指数和参数的基础信息,可有效用于了解性别偏向的捕食生态学,为描述尕尔在不同地理区域的变异提供基础信息,并用于鉴定在野生动物犯罪案件中找到的头骨。
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来源期刊
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY-VETERINARY SCIENCES
CiteScore
1.90
自引率
11.10%
发文量
115
审稿时长
18-36 weeks
期刊介绍: Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia is a premier international forum for the latest research on descriptive, applied and clinical anatomy, histology, embryology, and related fields. Special emphasis is placed on the links between animal morphology and veterinary and experimental medicine, consequently studies on clinically relevant species will be given priority. The editors welcome papers on medical imaging and anatomical techniques. The journal is of vital interest to clinicians, zoologists, obstetricians, and researchers working in biotechnology. Contributions include reviews, original research articles, short communications and book reviews.
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