Exploring Racial Discrimination, Disability Discrimination, and Perception of the Future Among Black-Identifying Emerging Adults with and without Autism in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Descriptive Study

IF 1.7 Q2 FAMILY STUDIES Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI:10.1007/s40653-024-00624-7

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Abstract

Discrimination experienced by Black emerging adults with autism is rarely studied nor have their experiences been juxtaposed to Black emerging adults without autism. A mixed methods descriptive approach was used to describe responses to open-ended questions collected as part of a larger study of discrimination experienced by Black emerging adults with autism (n = 14) and Black emerging adults without autism (n = 20). Questions focused around racial discrimination, disability discrimination, and perception of the future. Qualitative and quantitative content analysis were applied. Qualitatively- a manifest approach was used, and quantitatively- frequency counts and ratios were identified within themes and subthemes. Four main themes and twelve subthemes were identified. Racial discrimination had two themes: 1) Impact on mental health, and 2) Societal threats, with five subthemes, each reported at higher rates by people without autism (Theme 1 = 5:7, Theme 2 = 3:11). Disability discrimination was only reported on by those with autism, and had one main theme of neurodiverse/autism bias, and three subthemes. Perception of the future contained the theme of emerging life hopes, with four subthemes. Subthemes relating to work/career/family and future unknown were reported more highly by those without autism than with autism (1:8 and 4:7 respectively), while subthemes describing diverse or unique priorities for fulfillment and mental wellness were reported only by those with autism (6:0 and 4:0 respectively). Study findings suggest unique experiences and needs among Black emerging adults with autism, as well as the consequences of anti-blackness and anti-ableism/neurobigotry which can have double impact in their lives, spanning different ages and stages. Results have implications for building resiliency among Black persons with autism and without autism as they transition to adulthood.

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探索美国有自闭症和无自闭症的黑人新成人中的种族歧视、残疾歧视和对未来的看法：混合方法描述性研究

摘要人们很少研究患有自闭症的黑人新成人所经历的歧视，也很少将他们的经历与没有自闭症的黑人新成人的经历并列起来。本研究采用混合描述方法来描述对开放式问题的回答，这些问题是一项关于患有自闭症的黑人新成人（n = 14）和没有自闭症的黑人新成人（n = 20）所经历的歧视的大型研究的一部分。问题主要围绕种族歧视、残疾歧视和对未来的看法。研究采用了定性和定量内容分析。在定性方面，采用了表现法；在定量方面，确定了主题和次主题的频数和比率。确定了四个主要主题和十二个次主题。种族歧视有两个主题：1）对心理健康的影响；2）社会威胁，有五个次主题，无自闭症患者报告的比例较高（主题 1 = 5:7，主题 2 = 3:11）。残疾歧视仅由自闭症患者报告，有一个主主题 "神经多样性/自闭症偏见 "和三个次主题。对未来的看法包含 "新出现的生活希望 "这一主题，以及四个次主题。与工作/职业/家庭和未来未知有关的副主题，非自闭症患者比自闭症患者报告的比例更高（分别为 1:8 和 4:7），而描述多样化或独特的成就感和心理健康优先事项的副主题，只有自闭症患者才报告（分别为 6:0 和 4:0）。研究结果表明，患有自闭症的黑人新成人有着独特的经历和需求，反黑人和反残疾主义/神经偏执的后果可能会对他们跨越不同年龄和阶段的生活产生双重影响。研究结果对黑人自闭症患者和非自闭症患者在步入成年后的复原能力建设具有重要意义。

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来源期刊

Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma Multiple-

CiteScore

3.00

自引率

6.70%

发文量

期刊介绍： Underpinned by a biopsychosocial approach, the Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma presents original research and prevention and treatment strategies for understanding and dealing with symptoms and disorders related to the psychological effects of trauma experienced by children and adolescents during childhood and where the impact of these experiences continues into adulthood. The journal also examines intervention models directed toward the individual, family, and community, new theoretical models and approaches, and public policy proposals and innovations. In addition, the journal promotes rigorous investigation and debate on the human capacity for agency, resilience and longer-term healing in the face of child and adolescent trauma. With a multidisciplinary approach that draws input from the psychological, medical, social work, sociological, public health, legal and education fields, the journal features research, intervention approaches and evidence-based programs, theoretical articles, specific review articles, brief reports and case studies, and commentaries on current and/or controversial topics. The journal also encourages submissions from less heard voices, for example in terms of geography, minority status or service user perspectives. Among the topics examined in the Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma: The effects of childhood maltreatment Loss, natural disasters, and political conflict Exposure to or victimization from family or community violence Racial, ethnic, gender, sexual orientation or class discrimination Physical injury, diseases, and painful or debilitating medical treatments The impact of poverty, social deprivation and inequality Barriers and facilitators on pathways to recovery The Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma is an important resource for practitioners, policymakers, researchers, and academics whose work is centered on children exposed to traumatic events and adults exposed to traumatic events as children.