Photoesterification of Waste Cooking Oil using ZnO Doped Empty Fruit Bunches Ash Heterogeneous Catalyst

Norshahidatul Akmar Mohd Shohaimi, Norshahiera Khairul Adnan, Siti Fadhilah Ibrahim
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Abstract

Waste from the palm oil industry, such as empty fruit bunch ash (EFBA) and palm oil mill effluents (POME), is a type of biomass created during the production of palm oil and produced in vast quantities. Due to the massive amounts of empty fruit bunch ash produced because of the exponential rise in worldwide palm oil production, major plantations are having trouble disposing of them. The purpose of this research is to study the effectiveness of the ZnO-EFBA catalyst under visible light irradiation for the photoesterification reaction and its physicochemical properties of the photocatalyst that will be determined using TGA, SEMEDX, XRD and BET. The biodiesel will be produced by using two steps which are photoesterification to reduce the FFA value in WCO and followed by transesterification to produce FAMEs. The photoesterification reactions were conducted using WCO under visible light irradiation. Various parameters were examined, including different reaction times of 1 to 4 hours, different methanol to oil molar ratios of 12:1, 14:1, 16:1, and 18:1, and different ZnO-EFBA catalyst loadings ranging from 0 wt.% to 8 wt.%. The obtained results demonstrated that each WCO sample has a different optimum condition in the photoesterification reaction. Moreover, it was observed that lower FFA values correlated with higher biodiesel conversion rates in the transesterification reaction with 79.06%, 77.72% and 73.33% for samples 1, 2 and 3, respectively. By using EFBA as a heterogeneous catalyst doped with ZnO in the manufacturing of biodiesel, it helps to reduce the waste that the palm oil industry creates, limiting the adverse effects on human health and environmental harm. Furthermore, biodiesel is a renewable, clean-burning alternative to petroleum fuel, which is domestically manufactured The use of biodiesel as a vehicle fuel boosts energy security, enhances the environment and air quality, and offers safety advantages
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使用掺杂氧化锌的空果枝灰异构催化剂对废食用油进行光酯化反应
棕榈油行业产生的废物,如空果束灰(EFBA)和棕榈油厂废水(POME),是棕榈油生产过程中产生的一种生物质,产量巨大。由于全球棕榈油产量呈指数级增长,产生了大量的空果束灰,主要种植园在处理它们时遇到了困难。本研究的目的是研究 ZnO-EFBA 催化剂在可见光照射下进行光酯化反应的有效性,并使用 TGA、SEMDX、XRD 和 BET 测定光催化剂的理化性质。光酯化反应是在可见光照射下使用 WCO 进行的。研究了各种参数,包括不同的反应时间(1 至 4 小时),不同的甲醇与油的摩尔比(12:1、14:1、16:1 和 18:1),以及不同的 ZnO-EFBA 催化剂负载量(0 wt.% 至 8 wt.%)。结果表明,每种 WCO 样品在光酯化反应中都有不同的最佳条件。此外,还观察到在酯交换反应中,较低的 FFA 值与较高的生物柴油转化率相关,样品 1、2 和 3 的转化率分别为 79.06%、77.72% 和 73.33%。通过使用 EFBA 作为掺杂氧化锌的异相催化剂来生产生物柴油,有助于减少棕榈油工业产生的废物,限制对人类健康和环境的不利影响。此外,生物柴油是一种可再生、清洁燃烧的石油燃料替代品,可在国内生产。
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