Gut microbiota nexus: Exploring the interactions with the brain, heart, lungs, and skin axes and their effects on health

Abstract

It is becoming widely understood that gut microbiota and human health are related. It is now well-accepted that healthy gut flora plays a significant role in the host's overall health. The gut flora is a diverse and dynamic collection of microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, significantly impacting the host during homeostasis and disease. This microbial community's diversity is host-specific and changes throughout an individual's lifespan. The gut flora controls several metabolic pathways in the host, leading to interacting host-microbiota metabolic, signalling and immune-inflammatory axes that physiologically link the gut with the brain, heart, lung and skin. Numerous inflammatory illnesses and infections have been connected to altered gut bacterial composition or dysbiosis. Optimising therapeutic and probiotic approaches to control the gut microbiota to treat disease and promote health requires a deeper understanding of these axes. This review confers our current understanding of the connections between gut flora with the brain, heart, lungs, and skin and also portrays the diseases correlated with these axes.