Medicine in Microecology最新文献

Contagious illness of tuberculosis and correlation with various types of cancer

Q2 Medicine

Medicine in Microecology

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2025.100123

Karthikeyan Sundaram , Venkataraman Prabhu

Tuberculosis is a contagious illness caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It spreads readily from one person to another through tiny particles called airborne droplet nuclei. Immunocompromised individuals are particularly susceptible to this infection. In this context, various types of leukemia, lymphoma, and lung carcinoma are linked with reinforces of tuberculosis. Similarly, the tuberculous granuloma is associated with the progression of the tumor significantly. However, the lung is the primary organ infected by tuberculosis, and the granuloma of this disease is reinforced to lung adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. Multiple studies have revealed the root cause of the spread of these two illnesses is attributed to the production of granulomas in the lungs, which in turn contributes to the development of both tuberculosis and lung cancer. Also, the clinical signs and symptoms of tuberculosis and other malignancies in various sites of the host represent severe complications, and diagnosis of these two diseases through adequate clinical testing is crucial. Computerized tomography and rapid diagnosis for cancer and tuberculosis are effective for controlling the disease progression, and timely detection helps to treat the patients. Thus, imaging techniques and molecular diagnosis are capable of providing precise diagnostic results. So, this review comprehensively analyzed the patients affected with tuberculosis in the lung and other sites that could progress the cancer, also reinforces of tuberculosis in patients with different types of cancer.

{"title":"Contagious illness of tuberculosis and correlation with various types of cancer","authors":"Karthikeyan Sundaram , Venkataraman Prabhu","doi":"10.1016/j.medmic.2025.100123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medmic.2025.100123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tuberculosis is a contagious illness caused by the bacteria <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em>. It spreads readily from one person to another through tiny particles called airborne droplet nuclei. Immunocompromised individuals are particularly susceptible to this infection. In this context, various types of leukemia, lymphoma, and lung carcinoma are linked with reinforces of tuberculosis. Similarly, the tuberculous granuloma is associated with the progression of the tumor significantly. However, the lung is the primary organ infected by tuberculosis, and the granuloma of this disease is reinforced to lung adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. Multiple studies have revealed the root cause of the spread of these two illnesses is attributed to the production of granulomas in the lungs, which in turn contributes to the development of both tuberculosis and lung cancer. Also, the clinical signs and symptoms of tuberculosis and other malignancies in various sites of the host represent severe complications, and diagnosis of these two diseases through adequate clinical testing is crucial. Computerized tomography and rapid diagnosis for cancer and tuberculosis are effective for controlling the disease progression, and timely detection helps to treat the patients. Thus, imaging techniques and molecular diagnosis are capable of providing precise diagnostic results. So, this review comprehensively analyzed the patients affected with tuberculosis in the lung and other sites that could progress the cancer, also reinforces of tuberculosis in patients with different types of cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36019,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Microecology","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of macrolide antibiotics on gut microbiota diversity with age-specific implications and scientific insights

Q2 Medicine

Medicine in Microecology

Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2025.100122

H. Shayista , M.N. Nagendra Prasad , S. Niranjan Raj , Ashwini Prasad , S. Satish , H.K. Ranjini , K. Manju , Ravikumara , Raghuraj Singh Chouhan , Olga Y. Khohlova , Olga V. Perianova , S. Lakshmi , Syed Baker

This review investigates the effects of macrolides on the gut microbiota across different age groups. Macrolides, widely used to treat various infections, have been shown to disrupt the gut microbiome, leading to reduced bacterial diversity and increased risks of antibiotic resistance. The review examines the general mechanisms of action by macrolides, highlighting their role in inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and promoting antibiotic resistance through horizontal gene transfer and selective pressure. Additionally, the reviews also focus on transition of gut microbiota across different age groups. It also addresses the dysbiotic shift induced by macrolides and its recovery following antibiotic discontinuation. Factors contributing to macrolides resistance, including genetic mutations and environmental factors, are discussed. The focus has been on alternative therapeutic approaches highlighted to mitigate resistance. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the implications associated with macrolides on gut health and offers insights into managing and minimizing resistance development.

{"title":"Impact of macrolide antibiotics on gut microbiota diversity with age-specific implications and scientific insights","authors":"H. Shayista , M.N. Nagendra Prasad , S. Niranjan Raj , Ashwini Prasad , S. Satish , H.K. Ranjini , K. Manju , Ravikumara , Raghuraj Singh Chouhan , Olga Y. Khohlova , Olga V. Perianova , S. Lakshmi , Syed Baker","doi":"10.1016/j.medmic.2025.100122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medmic.2025.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review investigates the effects of macrolides on the gut microbiota across different age groups. Macrolides, widely used to treat various infections, have been shown to disrupt the gut microbiome, leading to reduced bacterial diversity and increased risks of antibiotic resistance. The review examines the general mechanisms of action by macrolides, highlighting their role in inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and promoting antibiotic resistance through horizontal gene transfer and selective pressure. Additionally, the reviews also focus on transition of gut microbiota across different age groups. It also addresses the dysbiotic shift induced by macrolides and its recovery following antibiotic discontinuation. Factors contributing to macrolides resistance, including genetic mutations and environmental factors, are discussed. The focus has been on alternative therapeutic approaches highlighted to mitigate resistance. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the implications associated with macrolides on gut health and offers insights into managing and minimizing resistance development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36019,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Microecology","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Alterations of gut microbiota during the development of a hyperuricemia rat model

Q2 Medicine

Medicine in Microecology

Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2025.100120

Cunlong Lu , Long Li , Tuo Shi , Yu Li , Yanbing Zhou

Hyperuricemia has been demonstrated to be correlated with gout and other metabolic disorders, and like the obesity and diabetes, it may be associated with gut microbial dysbiosis. However, recently, research on the changes of serum uric acid and gut microbiota during the development of hyperuricemia was sparse. The main objective of this study is to explore the changes of serum uric acid and gut microbiota in a hyperuricemia rat model. 16S rDNA obtained from fecal samples of rats were sequenced to characterize the diversity and composition of microbial communities. Unweighted UniFrac-based principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of 16S rDNA sequences showed separated clusters between the model group and the control group. Our findings showed that the model group showed a decreased abundance of Lactobacillus, and the butyrate-producing bacteria Ruminococcus spp. and Roseburia spp., while an increased abundance of opportunistic pathogens, including Proteobacteria, Bacteroides fragilis, and Escherichia coli during the establishment of the hyperuricemia rat model. In addition, purine and uric acid metabolism of gut microbiota in the model group was improved. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the diversity, composition and function of gut microbiota in the hyperuricemia rat model significantly altered.

{"title":"Alterations of gut microbiota during the development of a hyperuricemia rat model","authors":"Cunlong Lu , Long Li , Tuo Shi , Yu Li , Yanbing Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.medmic.2025.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medmic.2025.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hyperuricemia has been demonstrated to be correlated with gout and other metabolic disorders, and like the obesity and diabetes, it may be associated with gut microbial dysbiosis. However, recently, research on the changes of serum uric acid and gut microbiota during the development of hyperuricemia was sparse. The main objective of this study is to explore the changes of serum uric acid and gut microbiota in a hyperuricemia rat model. 16S rDNA obtained from fecal samples of rats were sequenced to characterize the diversity and composition of microbial communities. Unweighted UniFrac-based principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of 16S rDNA sequences showed separated clusters between the model group and the control group. Our findings showed that the model group showed a decreased abundance of <em>Lactobacillus</em>, and the butyrate-producing bacteria <em>Ruminococcus</em> spp. and <em>Roseburia</em> spp., while an increased abundance of opportunistic pathogens, including <em>Proteobacteria</em>, <em>Bacteroides fragilis</em>, and <em>Escherichia coli</em> during the establishment of the hyperuricemia rat model. In addition, purine and uric acid metabolism of gut microbiota in the model group was improved. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the diversity, composition and function of gut microbiota in the hyperuricemia rat model significantly altered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36019,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Microecology","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Potential therapeutic solution for Clostridioides difficile infection: Current scenario and future prospects

Q2 Medicine

Medicine in Microecology

Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2025.100121

Chandrashekhar Singh , Anjali Singh , Deepjyoti Singh , Richa Upadhyay

Clostridioides difficile previously known as Clostridium difficile is one of the three most potent human pathogens associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and damage to the colon. Although advanced healthcare facilities with the development of new antibiotics are now available, these are associated with either treatment failure or disease recurrence. Any reason that disturbs the microbiome such as antibiotic treatment, unbalanced diet, stress and chronic disease may allow C. difficile, to adhere, colonize, grow and reproduce and eventually cause disease recurrence. With increasing knowledge about the natural defence mechanism of microbiome against gut pathogens, interest in non-antibiotic alternatives like prebiotics, synbiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics is quickly evolving. The gut microenvironment can be suitably modified by using prebiotics and probiotics either alone or by using their mixture as synbiotics. The gut microbiome prevents pathogen adhesion either by physical competition or by the proliferation of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial products. Besides, there are other possible methods such as faecal matter transplantation (FMT) and microbiome replacement therapies (MRT) for the repopulation of the gastrointestinal tract. In this article, we review current treatment strategies for C. difficile infection (CDI) using prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, postbiotic FMT, and MRT. The article will give useful insight into the current therapies of CDI and their future developments.

{"title":"Potential therapeutic solution for Clostridioides difficile infection: Current scenario and future prospects","authors":"Chandrashekhar Singh , Anjali Singh , Deepjyoti Singh , Richa Upadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.medmic.2025.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medmic.2025.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Clostridioides difficile</em> previously known as <em>Clostridium difficile</em> is one of the three most potent human pathogens associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and damage to the colon. Although advanced healthcare facilities with the development of new antibiotics are now available, these are associated with either treatment failure or disease recurrence. Any reason that disturbs the microbiome such as antibiotic treatment, unbalanced diet, stress and chronic disease may allow <em>C. difficile</em>, to adhere, colonize, grow and reproduce and eventually cause disease recurrence. With increasing knowledge about the natural defence mechanism of microbiome against gut pathogens, interest in non-antibiotic alternatives like prebiotics, synbiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics is quickly evolving. The gut microenvironment can be suitably modified by using prebiotics and probiotics either alone or by using their mixture as synbiotics. The gut microbiome prevents pathogen adhesion either by physical competition or by the proliferation of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial products. Besides, there are other possible methods such as faecal matter transplantation (FMT) and microbiome replacement therapies (MRT) for the repopulation of the gastrointestinal tract. In this article, we review current treatment strategies for <em>C. difficile</em> infection (CDI) using prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, postbiotic FMT, and MRT. The article will give useful insight into the current therapies of CDI and their future developments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36019,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Microecology","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Diagnostic ability of myxovirus resistance-A in pediatric cases of viral-acute respiratory tract infections with vitamin A and zinc deficiencies

Q2 Medicine

Medicine in Microecology

Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2024.100119

Dian Kesumapramudya Nurputra , Amalia Setyati , Nur Arfian , Endy Paryanto Prawirohartono , Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq

Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) rank among the top ten most common illnesses affecting children in Indonesia. Myxovirus resistance-A (MxA) protein, selectively induced by the activation of type I interferon in response to viral infections, has emerged as a promising biomarker to diagnose viral ARTI. Notably, the activation of interferons is thought to be influenced by plasma vitamin A and zinc levels. Therefore, our study aims to investigate the level of MxA expression in children with vitamin A and zinc deficiencies when experiencing viral ARTI. This cross-sectional study involved a total of 113 subjects, including 53 diagnosed with ARTI due to viral causes based on validated clinical scoring criteria, and 50 healthy controls. To determine the etiology, we conducted blood cultures and employed RT-PCR analysis on nasopharyngeal swabs. Additionally, we assessed plasma levels of vitamin A, zinc, and MxA protein expression. Our findings revealed that subjects with ARTI displayed elevated MxA expression compared to controls. Specifically, MxA expression levels in ARTI cases of viral origin were significantly higher than those in both control and bacterial origin. On closer examination, the vitamin A and zinc non-deficient group exhibited higher MxA expression levels in comparison to the deficient group. However, it is notable that the expression levels in the deficient group remained higher than those in the control group. In summary, MxA protein expression was found to be lower in children with vitamin A and zinc deficiencies when compared to those without deficiencies in cases of viral ARTI. Thus, MxA expression may serve as a diagnostic tool for distinguishing viral from bacterial ARTI, especially in populations where the prevalence of micronutrient-deficient children is high, such as in Indonesia.

{"title":"Diagnostic ability of myxovirus resistance-A in pediatric cases of viral-acute respiratory tract infections with vitamin A and zinc deficiencies","authors":"Dian Kesumapramudya Nurputra , Amalia Setyati , Nur Arfian , Endy Paryanto Prawirohartono , Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq","doi":"10.1016/j.medmic.2024.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medmic.2024.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) rank among the top ten most common illnesses affecting children in Indonesia. Myxovirus resistance-A (MxA) protein, selectively induced by the activation of type I interferon in response to viral infections, has emerged as a promising biomarker to diagnose viral ARTI. Notably, the activation of interferons is thought to be influenced by plasma vitamin A and zinc levels. Therefore, our study aims to investigate the level of MxA expression in children with vitamin A and zinc deficiencies when experiencing viral ARTI. This cross-sectional study involved a total of 113 subjects, including 53 diagnosed with ARTI due to viral causes based on validated clinical scoring criteria, and 50 healthy controls. To determine the etiology, we conducted blood cultures and employed RT-PCR analysis on nasopharyngeal swabs. Additionally, we assessed plasma levels of vitamin A, zinc, and MxA protein expression. Our findings revealed that subjects with ARTI displayed elevated MxA expression compared to controls. Specifically, MxA expression levels in ARTI cases of viral origin were significantly higher than those in both control and bacterial origin. On closer examination, the vitamin A and zinc non-deficient group exhibited higher MxA expression levels in comparison to the deficient group. However, it is notable that the expression levels in the deficient group remained higher than those in the control group. In summary, MxA protein expression was found to be lower in children with vitamin A and zinc deficiencies when compared to those without deficiencies in cases of viral ARTI. Thus, MxA expression may serve as a diagnostic tool for distinguishing viral from bacterial ARTI, especially in populations where the prevalence of micronutrient-deficient children is high, such as in Indonesia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36019,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Microecology","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring the promise of psychobiotics: Bridging gut microbiota and mental health for a flourishing society

Q2 Medicine

Medicine in Microecology

Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2024.100118

Neel Kamal , Baljeet Singh Saharan , Joginder Singh Duhan , Ashwani Kumar , Payal Chaudhary , Chhaya Goyal , Mukesh Kumar , Nikita Goyat , Meena Sindhu , Priti Mudgil

Mental health problems have become one of the major issues worldwide. People of every age group and gender are facing psychological issues. Conventional medicines are not reliable due to their adverse effects like altered sleeping pattern, addiction and health problems throughout the entire body. Psychobiotics is a new class of probiotics that is serving a wide range of applications in psychological health. Psychobiotic refers to the biological formulation which when consumed in right amount, confers psychological benefits. A lot of studies have supported the function of gut microbiota in mood cognition and controlling anxiety. The mechanism of action of psychobiotics has not been completely investigated. However, it may confer benefits by modulating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, by directly influencing immune system and through production of various neurotransmitters and neurohormones like proteins and short fatty acids chains. This review highlights the potential of different bacterial strains in human and animal trials. It latter also covers various psychobiotics formulations marketed by different companies. In addition to this, we also tried to cover the various hurdles in psychobiotic research that need to be addressed in the future to build a prosperous society.

{"title":"Exploring the promise of psychobiotics: Bridging gut microbiota and mental health for a flourishing society","authors":"Neel Kamal , Baljeet Singh Saharan , Joginder Singh Duhan , Ashwani Kumar , Payal Chaudhary , Chhaya Goyal , Mukesh Kumar , Nikita Goyat , Meena Sindhu , Priti Mudgil","doi":"10.1016/j.medmic.2024.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medmic.2024.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mental health problems have become one of the major issues worldwide. People of every age group and gender are facing psychological issues. Conventional medicines are not reliable due to their adverse effects like altered sleeping pattern, addiction and health problems throughout the entire body. Psychobiotics is a new class of probiotics that is serving a wide range of applications in psychological health. Psychobiotic refers to the biological formulation which when consumed in right amount, confers psychological benefits. A lot of studies have supported the function of gut microbiota in mood cognition and controlling anxiety. The mechanism of action of psychobiotics has not been completely investigated. However, it may confer benefits by modulating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, by directly influencing immune system and through production of various neurotransmitters and neurohormones like proteins and short fatty acids chains. This review highlights the potential of different bacterial strains in human and animal trials. It latter also covers various psychobiotics formulations marketed by different companies. In addition to this, we also tried to cover the various hurdles in psychobiotic research that need to be addressed in the future to build a prosperous society.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36019,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Microecology","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biosynthesis of chitosan encapsulated silver- nanoparticles using Probiotic-Lactobacillus plantarum strain and it's in vitro anticancer assessment on HeLa cells 利用益生菌-植物乳杆菌菌株生物合成壳聚糖封装银纳米粒子及其对 HeLa 细胞的体外抗癌评估

Q2 Medicine

Medicine in Microecology

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2024.100117

Anjali K. Ravi , Saradhadevi Muthukrishnan , Gayathiri Gunasangkaran , Vijaya Anand Arumugam , Velayuthaprabhu Shanmugam , Kunnathur Murugesan Sakthivel , Marie Arockianathan Pushpam , Ashokkumar Kaliyaperumal

Cervical cancer remains the deadliest cancer among women worldwide. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of tumor progression by targeting signaling pathways can provide insights into novel therapeutic strategies to overcome the limitations of conventional treatments. Green synthesis of nanoparticles addresses conventional treatment drawbacks like chemotherapy and radiation. This study aims to green synthesize, characterize, and evaluate chitosan-encapsulated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Lactobacillus plantarum probiotics against cervical cancer HeLa cells, targeting the EMT mechanism. The green synthesized chitosan encapsulated Silver- Nanoparticles using probiotic -Lactobacillus plantarum (CS-LP-AgNPs) were characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, which showed a peak at 420 nm confirming the reduction of AgNPs. Zeta and DLS analysis revealed the particle surface charge and stability. TEM analysis demonstrated that CS-LP-AgNPs are spherically shaped, with a size of approximately 15.3 nm. XRD patterns confirmed the crystalline nature of CS-LP-AgNPs. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that CS-LP-AgNPs were functionalized with biomolecules. DAPI and double staining were employed to examine characteristic nuclear and morphological changes during apoptosis. Gene expression profiles of EMT in HeLa cell lines were performed to evaluate the anticancer potency of CS-LP-AgNPs. MTT assay demonstrated cytotoxic activity, whereas DAPI/(AO/EB) double staining images showed the induced apoptosis in HeLa cells by CS-LP-AgNPs treatment. CS-LP-AgNPs treated HeLa cells showed decreased SNAIL/EMT via enhancing apoptotic cascade mechanism. Green synthesized CS-LP-AgNPs may be considered an effective anti-cancer drug delivery system for the treatment of CC in the future.

宫颈癌仍然是全球妇女中最致命的癌症。通过靶向信号通路研究肿瘤进展的分子机制，可以深入了解新型治疗策略，克服传统治疗方法的局限性。纳米粒子的绿色合成解决了化疗和放疗等传统治疗方法的弊端。本研究旨在利用植物乳杆菌益生菌，针对宫颈癌 HeLa 细胞的 EMT 机制，绿色合成、表征和评估壳聚糖包裹的银纳米粒子（AgNPs）。利用益生菌植物乳杆菌对绿色合成的壳聚糖包裹银纳米粒子（CS-LP-AgNPs）进行了表征，紫外可见光谱显示在 420 纳米处有一个峰值，证实了 AgNPs 的还原。Zeta 和 DLS 分析显示了颗粒的表面电荷和稳定性。TEM 分析表明 CS-LP-AgNPs 呈球形，大小约为 15.3 nm。XRD 图谱证实了 CS-LP-AgNPs 的结晶性质。傅立叶变换红外光谱证实 CS-LP-AgNPs 被生物大分子功能化。采用 DAPI 和双染色法检测了细胞凋亡过程中细胞核和形态的特征性变化。为了评估 CS-LP-AgNPs 的抗癌效力，对 HeLa 细胞系进行了 EMT 基因表达谱分析。MTT 检测显示了细胞毒性活性，而 DAPI/（AO/EB）双染色图像显示了 CS-LP-AgNPs 处理诱导的 HeLa 细胞凋亡。经 CS-LP-AgNPs 处理的 HeLa 细胞通过增强凋亡级联机制减少了 SNAIL/EMT。绿色合成的CS-LP-AgNPs可作为一种有效的抗癌药物递送系统用于治疗CC。

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引用次数: 0

Diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis by molecular and immunological tools 利用分子和免疫学工具诊断结核性淋巴结炎

Q2 Medicine

Medicine in Microecology

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2024.100116

Nitin Kumar , Anish Khan , Sanjit Boora , Neha Chadha , Nisha Khan , Puneet Raina , Rajesh Gupta , Raj Singh , Samander Kaushik

Introduction

Tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL) represents the prevailing presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) that comprises ∼35 % of EPTB cases, respectively and mainly occurs at cervical lymph nodes. Diagnostic challenge in TBL is primarily due to paucibacillary nature of specimens, and most common laboratory tests produced inconclusive findings.

Areas covered

We evaluated the literature on current diagnostic methods for TBL. Smear microscopy, culture, tuberculin skin test, interferon-γ release assay, biochemical assessments, imaging, histopathological, and cytological examination, etc. are various conventional methods used to diagnose TBL but these are insufficient. Further, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), PCR/multiplex-PCR, nested-PCR, real-time PCR, and GeneXpert®MTB/RIF utilized for TBL diagnosis but they have their own merits and demerits. Presently, several tools have been employed for detection of circulating Mtb cell-free DNA (cfDNA) through NAATs, aptamer-linked immobilized sorbent assay, and immuno-PCR (I-PCR), etc.

Conclusion

Currently, there is no single accessible test available for effective diagnosis of TBL. In this review, we summarized all detailed conventional methodologies along with additional tools such as ALISA, I-PCR, and cfDNA for detection of Mtb biomarkers that have been utilized for diagnosis of pulmonary TB (PTB) and various forms of EPTB that may also be investigated for diagnosis of TBL. Early diagnosis and treatment would help in reducing the severe complications associated with TBL such as fistula, ulceration, or abscess formation in lymph nodes.

导言结核性淋巴结炎（TBL）是肺外结核（EPTB）的主要表现形式，占肺外结核病例的35%，主要发生在颈淋巴结。TBL的诊断难题主要在于标本的贫弱性，而且大多数常见的实验室检测都无法得出结论。涂片显微镜检查、培养、结核菌素皮肤试验、干扰素-γ释放测定、生化评估、影像学、组织病理学和细胞学检查等是诊断 TBL 的各种常规方法，但这些方法并不充分。此外，环介导等温扩增（LAMP）、聚合酶链反应/多重聚合酶链反应、巢式聚合酶链反应、实时聚合酶链反应和 GeneXpert®MTB/RIF 等核酸扩增检测（NAAT）也被用于 TBL 诊断，但这些方法各有利弊。目前，已有几种工具通过 NAATs、aptamer-linked 固定吸附剂检测法和免疫 PCR (I-PCR) 等方法检测循环中的 Mtb 细胞游离 DNA (cfDNA)。在这篇综述中，我们总结了所有详细的传统方法以及 ALISA、I-PCR 和 cfDNA 等其他检测 Mtb 生物标记物的工具，这些方法已被用于诊断肺结核（PTB）和各种形式的 EPTB，也可用于 TBL 的诊断。早期诊断和治疗将有助于减少与 TBL 相关的严重并发症，如瘘管、溃疡或淋巴结脓肿的形成。

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引用次数: 0

Antibacterial activity of Ocimum sanctum L. essential oil against multidrug resistance bacteria vaginosis 洋甘菊精油对多重耐药菌阴道病的抗菌活性

Q2 Medicine

Medicine in Microecology

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2024.100115

Paul Akinniyi Akinduti , Oluwashindara Lydia Osunlola , Feyisikemi Adenike Adebekun , David Temiloluwa Viavonu , Gift Nzubechi Elughi , Oluwasegun Popoola , Somrat Adeola Abdulsalami

The antibiotic resistance of Bacteria Vaginosis (BV) isolates intensifies vaginal morbidity and genital infections facilitating poor treatment outcome and severe vaginal pathology. The phytochemicals in Ocimum sanctum essential oil (OsEO) were investigated for their antibacterial activity against bacteria vaginosis and major metabolites on multidrug resistance (MDR) strains. Bacteria pathogens isolated from vaginal samples (n = 40) obtained from patients with confirmed BV were analysed for hemolytic activity, biofilm production and profiled for antibiotic resistance. Extracted OsEO was profiled with GC-MS and analysed for antibacterial activity. Of the recovered bacteria pathogens (n = 241) associated with vaginosis including Streptococcus pyogenes (34 %), Staphylococcus aureus (31 %) and Escherichia coli (10 %) and less than 10 % Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloaca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Citrobacter freundii were identified. Significant rates of 21.6 %, 4.6 % and 2.3 % were weak, mild and strong biofilm producers respectively and overall 26.6 % were hemolytic strains (p < 0.05). More than 60 % resistance to ceftriaxone sulbactam, ampiclox, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid and cefexime was observed in BV with significant proportion showing MARI>0.2 (p < 0.05). Hierarchical clustering of MDR BV strains provided related clustered bacteria pathogens having a very low susceptibility to iminepem, cefuroxime, and amoxycillin/clavulanate. More than 1.2 % saponin, alkaloids and flavonoids levels in OsEO gave significant inhibitory activities at IC50 (25.0 μg/mL) and IC90 (50.0 μg/mL) and significant inhibitory association with phytochemical compounds (eta = 0.457, p = 0.015). OsEO cyclohexene and methanoazulene metabolites showed significant antibacterial association with BV strains (p < 0.05). The OsEO phytochemical metabolites showed antibacterial activity against multidrug resistance BV and identified cyclohexene and methanoazulene are promising candidates for developing formulations as topical antimicrobial agents for BV treatment.

阴道炎细菌（BV）分离株的抗生素耐药性加剧了阴道发病率和生殖器感染，导致治疗效果不佳和严重的阴道病变。研究人员调查了欧琴圣草精油（OsEO）中的植物化学物质对阴道炎细菌的抗菌活性，以及主要代谢物对耐多药（MDR）菌株的抗菌活性。对从确诊为阴道炎患者的阴道样本（n = 40）中分离出的细菌病原体进行了溶血活性、生物膜生成和抗生素耐药性分析。对提取的 OsEO 进行了气相色谱-质谱分析和抗菌活性分析。在回收的细菌（n = 241）中，确定了与阴道炎有关的病原体，包括化脓性链球菌（34%）、金黄色葡萄球菌（31%）和大肠埃希菌（10%），以及少于 10%的氧合克雷伯菌、泄殖腔肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和弗氏柠檬杆菌。弱、轻度和强生物膜产生率分别为 21.6%、4.6% 和 2.3%，总溶血菌株率为 26.6%（p <0.05）。在 BV 中观察到对头孢曲松舒巴坦、氨苄西林、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、萘啶酸和头孢克肟的耐药性超过 60%，其中相当大的比例显示 MARI>0.2（p <0.05）。MDR BV 菌株的分层聚类提供了对亚胺培南、头孢呋辛和阿莫西林/克拉维酸敏感性极低的相关聚类细菌病原体。OsEO 中的皂苷、生物碱和黄酮含量超过 1.2%，在 IC50（25.0 μg/mL）和 IC90（50.0 μg/mL）时具有显著的抑制活性，并且与植物化学化合物具有显著的抑制关联（eta = 0.457，p = 0.015）。OsEO 环己烯和甲基氮杂环烯代谢物对 BV 菌株有明显的抗菌作用（p < 0.05）。OsEO 植物化学代谢物对具有多药耐药性的 BV 具有抗菌活性，所发现的环己烯和甲基氮杂环烯有望开发成治疗 BV 的局部抗菌剂配方。

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引用次数: 0

Bacterial etiology and antimicrobial resistance pattern of community-acquired urinary tract infection in older adults 老年人社区获得性尿路感染的细菌病因和抗菌药耐药性模式

Q2 Medicine

Medicine in Microecology

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2024.100114

Aza Bahadeen Taha

Background

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a significant cause of morbidity in elderly individuals and remain a persistent challenge for medical professionals. This study aimed to identify the bacteria causing community-acquired (CA) UTIs in older patients, determine their antimicrobial resistance patterns, assess the prevalence of polymicrobial infections, and identify the risk factors.

Methods

Urine samples were obtained from patients with symptomatic UTIs and then cultured on blood and MacConkey agar. Positive cultures were identified and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the VITEK 2 system.

Results

Polymicrobial infections were found in 69/427 (16.16 %) of older patients with CA-UTIs and associated with diabetes (p = 0.007), previous antimicrobial use (p = 0.025), and recurrent urinary infections (p = 0.043). Escherichia coli was the leading pathogen (57.26 %), and Klebsiella pneumoniae was identified in 15.32 % of CA-UTIs. Escherichia coli was more common in non-diabetic patients (60.81 %) than diabetes (43.69 %). However, the rates of Klebsiella species were higher in diabetes (20.39 %) than non-diabetes (14.50 %). Gram-negative uropathogens showed 49.89 % resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, while imipenem is the least resistant (7.19 %). The gram-positive uropathogens were resistant to 9.80 % of linezolid and highly resistant to erythromycin (74.51 %), tetracycline (72.55 %), and gentamicin (70.59 %).

Conclusions

Escherichia coli isolates were the predominant bacteria in the elderly and highly resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic. The most effective drug against gram-negative bacteria was imipenem, while linezolid proved potently effective against gram-positive bacteria. Diabetes, previous antimicrobial use, and recurrent urinary infections are risk factors for polymicrobial UTIs.

背景泌尿道感染（UTI）是老年人发病的一个重要原因，也是医务人员面临的一个长期挑战。本研究旨在确定导致老年患者社区获得性（CA）UTI 的细菌，确定其抗菌药耐药性模式，评估多菌感染的流行率，并确定风险因素。方法从有症状的 UTI 患者处获取尿液样本，然后在血液和 MacConkey 琼脂上进行培养。结果69/427（16.16%）例老年 CA-UTI 患者中发现多菌感染，且与糖尿病（p = 0.007）、既往使用抗菌药物（p = 0.025）和反复泌尿感染（p = 0.043）有关。大肠埃希菌是主要病原体（57.26%），15.32%的 CA-UTI 发现了肺炎克雷伯菌。大肠埃希菌在非糖尿病患者中的发病率（60.81%）高于糖尿病患者（43.69%）。然而，克雷伯氏菌在糖尿病患者中的感染率（20.39%）高于非糖尿病患者（14.50%）。革兰氏阴性尿路病原体对阿莫西林-克拉维酸的耐药性为 49.89%，而对亚胺培南的耐药性最低（7.19%）。革兰氏阳性泌尿病原体对利奈唑胺的耐药性为 9.80%，对红霉素（74.51%）、四环素（72.55%）和庆大霉素（70.59%）的耐药性很高。对革兰氏阴性菌最有效的药物是亚胺培南，而利奈唑胺则对革兰氏阳性菌有效。糖尿病、曾使用抗菌药物和反复泌尿感染是多菌性UTI的风险因素。

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引用次数: 0