Biomonitoring for workplace exposure to copper and its compounds is currently not interpretable

IF 4.5 2区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES International journal of hygiene and environmental health Pub Date : 2024-03-26 DOI:10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114358
Ruth Bevan , Len Levy
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Abstract

This paper sets out to explore the requirements needed to recommend a useable and reliable biomonitoring system for occupational exposure to copper and its inorganic compounds. Whilst workplace environmental monitoring of copper is used to measure ambient air concentrations for comparison against occupational exposure limits, biological monitoring could provide complementary information about the internal dose of workers, taking into account intra-individual variability and exposure from all routes. For biomonitoring to be of reliable use for copper, a biomarker and the analytical ability to measure it with sufficient sensitivity must be identified and this is discussed in a range of matrices. In addition, there needs to be a clear understanding of the dose-response relationship of the biomarker with any health-effect (clinical or sub-clinical) or, between the level of external exposure (by any route) and the level of the copper biomarker in the biological matrix being sampled, together with a knowledge of the half-life in the body to determine accurate sampling times. For many biologically non-essential metals the requirements for reliable biomarkers can be met, however, for ‘essential’ metals such as copper that are under homeostatic control, the relationship between exposure (short- or long-term) and the level of any copper biomarker in the blood or urine is complex, which may limit the use and interpretation of measured levels. There are a number of types of biomarker guidance values currently in use which are discussed in this paper, but no values have yet been determined for copper (or its inorganic compounds) due to the complexity of its essential nature; the US The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has however indicated that it is considering the development of a biological exposure index for copper and its compounds. In light of this, we present a review of the reliability of current copper biomarkers and their potential use in the occupational context to evaluate whether there is value in carrying out human biomonitoring for copper exposure. Based on the available evidence we have concluded that the reliable use of biomonitoring of occupational exposure to copper and its application in risk assessment is not possible at the present time.

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工作场所铜及其化合物暴露的生物监测目前无法解释
本文旨在探讨针对铜及其无机化合物的职业暴露推荐一套实用可靠的生物监测系统所需的要求。虽然工作场所的铜环境监测用于测量环境空气中的铜浓度,以便与职业接触限值进行比较,但生物监测可以提供有关工人体内剂量的补充信息,同时考虑到个体内部的差异性和所有途径的接触情况。要使生物监测对铜具有可靠的用途,必须确定一种生物标志物,并具有足够灵敏度的分析能力来测量该生物标志物。此外,还需要清楚地了解生物标志物与任何健康影响(临床或亚临床)之间的剂量-反应关系,或外部暴露水平(通过任何途径)与被采样生物基质中的铜生物标志物水平之间的关系,同时了解铜在人体内的半衰期,以确定准确的采样时间。对于许多生物非必需金属来说,可靠的生物标志物要求是可以满足的,但对于铜等受体内平衡控制的 "必需 "金属来说,接触(短期或长期)与血液或尿液中任何铜生物标志物水平之间的关系是复杂的,这可能会限制测量水平的使用和解释。本文将讨论目前使用的多种生物标志物指导值,但由于铜(或其无机化合物)本质的复杂性,目前尚未确定铜(或其无机化合物)的指导值;不过,美国政府工业卫生学家会议(ACGIH)已表示正在考虑制定铜及其化合物的生物暴露指数。有鉴于此,我们对当前铜生物标志物的可靠性及其在职业环境中的潜在用途进行了审查,以评估对铜暴露进行人体生物监测是否有价值。根据现有证据,我们得出的结论是,目前还无法可靠地使用生物监测职业性铜暴露及其在风险评估中的应用。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
11.50
自引率
5.00%
发文量
151
审稿时长
22 days
期刊介绍: The International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health serves as a multidisciplinary forum for original reports on exposure assessment and the reactions to and consequences of human exposure to the biological, chemical, and physical environment. Research reports, short communications, reviews, scientific comments, technical notes, and editorials will be peer-reviewed before acceptance for publication. Priority will be given to articles on epidemiological aspects of environmental toxicology, health risk assessments, susceptible (sub) populations, sanitation and clean water, human biomonitoring, environmental medicine, and public health aspects of exposure-related outcomes.
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