Jackie M Kleinsasser, Adam C Simon, Dean Peterson, Amartya Kattemalavadi, Ian R Goan, Tobias Keller, George J Hudak, Kaitlin Koshurba
{"title":"Genesis of Fe-Ti oxide-bearing ultramafic intrusions in the Duluth Complex, Minnesota, USA","authors":"Jackie M Kleinsasser, Adam C Simon, Dean Peterson, Amartya Kattemalavadi, Ian R Goan, Tobias Keller, George J Hudak, Kaitlin Koshurba","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egae031","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The Duluth Complex is a large mafic intrusive system located in northeastern Minnesota emplaced as part of the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent Rift. Several Fe-Ti oxide-bearing ultramafic intrusions are hosted along the Western Margin of the Duluth Complex, and are discordant bodies present in a variety of geometries, hosted in multiple rock types, and dominated by peridotite, pyroxenite, and semi-massive to massive Fe-Ti oxide rock types. Their origin has been debated, and here we present geochemical evidence and modeling that supports a purely magmatic origin for the Titac and Longnose Fe-Ti oxide-bearing ultramafic intrusions. Ilmenite and titanomagnetite textures indicate a protracted cooling process, and δ34S values of sulfides reveal little assimilation of the footwall Virginia Formation, a fine-grained pelitic unit that contains sulfide-rich bands. We model the crystallization of a hypothetical parental magma composition to the host intrusion of Longnose using Rhyolite-MELTS and demonstrate that the accumulation of Fe-Ti oxides in the discordant intrusions cannot be explained by density-driven segregation of crystallized Fe-Ti oxides. Instead, we show that the development of silicate liquid immiscibility, occurring by the unmixing of the silicate melt into conjugate Si- and Fe-rich melts, can result in the effective segregation and transportation of the Fe-rich melt. The Fe-rich melt is ~2 orders of magnitude less viscous than the Si-rich melt, allowing the Fe-rich melt to be more effectively segregated and transported in the mush regime (crystallinities > 50%). This suggests that viscosity, in addition to density, plays a significant role in forming the discordant Fe-Ti oxide-bearing ultramafic intrusions. We propose a genetic model that could also be responsible for the Fe-Ti oxide-rich layers or bands that are hosted within the igneous stratigraphy of mafic intrusions of the Duluth Complex.","PeriodicalId":16751,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petrology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5000,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Petrology","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egae031","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The Duluth Complex is a large mafic intrusive system located in northeastern Minnesota emplaced as part of the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent Rift. Several Fe-Ti oxide-bearing ultramafic intrusions are hosted along the Western Margin of the Duluth Complex, and are discordant bodies present in a variety of geometries, hosted in multiple rock types, and dominated by peridotite, pyroxenite, and semi-massive to massive Fe-Ti oxide rock types. Their origin has been debated, and here we present geochemical evidence and modeling that supports a purely magmatic origin for the Titac and Longnose Fe-Ti oxide-bearing ultramafic intrusions. Ilmenite and titanomagnetite textures indicate a protracted cooling process, and δ34S values of sulfides reveal little assimilation of the footwall Virginia Formation, a fine-grained pelitic unit that contains sulfide-rich bands. We model the crystallization of a hypothetical parental magma composition to the host intrusion of Longnose using Rhyolite-MELTS and demonstrate that the accumulation of Fe-Ti oxides in the discordant intrusions cannot be explained by density-driven segregation of crystallized Fe-Ti oxides. Instead, we show that the development of silicate liquid immiscibility, occurring by the unmixing of the silicate melt into conjugate Si- and Fe-rich melts, can result in the effective segregation and transportation of the Fe-rich melt. The Fe-rich melt is ~2 orders of magnitude less viscous than the Si-rich melt, allowing the Fe-rich melt to be more effectively segregated and transported in the mush regime (crystallinities > 50%). This suggests that viscosity, in addition to density, plays a significant role in forming the discordant Fe-Ti oxide-bearing ultramafic intrusions. We propose a genetic model that could also be responsible for the Fe-Ti oxide-rich layers or bands that are hosted within the igneous stratigraphy of mafic intrusions of the Duluth Complex.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Petrology provides an international forum for the publication of high quality research in the broad field of igneous and metamorphic petrology and petrogenesis. Papers published cover a vast range of topics in areas such as major element, trace element and isotope geochemistry and geochronology applied to petrogenesis; experimental petrology; processes of magma generation, differentiation and emplacement; quantitative studies of rock-forming minerals and their paragenesis; regional studies of igneous and meta morphic rocks which contribute to the solution of fundamental petrological problems; theoretical modelling of petrogenetic processes.