A study of membrane correction accounting for both curvature and tension in DEM simulations of triaxial tests of sand and ballast with two alternative flexible membrane models
{"title":"A study of membrane correction accounting for both curvature and tension in DEM simulations of triaxial tests of sand and ballast with two alternative flexible membrane models","authors":"Mathias Tolomeo, Glenn R. McDowell","doi":"10.1007/s10035-024-01419-1","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In DEM simulations of triaxial tests, modelling a flexible lateral membrane is crucial and challenging. It is essential for the correct application of a uniform lateral pressure and for an accurate measurement of sample volume. Here, we introduce a membrane made of triangular facets, and model it as a continuum; we then compare this approach with a well-established method that uses a layer of bonded spheres. With either method, it is also possible to assess the additional stress applied by the membrane as it deforms, i.e. the difference between the stress applied at the boundary and the actual stress within the sample. It is shown that this difference has two origins: the tension developed in the membrane, as it deforms; and the curvature of the membrane, since this causes a vertical component of the confining pressure which can be significant. These findings may be used to inform and improve the membrane correction commonly used in experiments, where similar effects occur.</p><h3>Graphic abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":49323,"journal":{"name":"Granular Matter","volume":"26 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10035-024-01419-1.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Granular Matter","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10035-024-01419-1","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
In DEM simulations of triaxial tests, modelling a flexible lateral membrane is crucial and challenging. It is essential for the correct application of a uniform lateral pressure and for an accurate measurement of sample volume. Here, we introduce a membrane made of triangular facets, and model it as a continuum; we then compare this approach with a well-established method that uses a layer of bonded spheres. With either method, it is also possible to assess the additional stress applied by the membrane as it deforms, i.e. the difference between the stress applied at the boundary and the actual stress within the sample. It is shown that this difference has two origins: the tension developed in the membrane, as it deforms; and the curvature of the membrane, since this causes a vertical component of the confining pressure which can be significant. These findings may be used to inform and improve the membrane correction commonly used in experiments, where similar effects occur.
在使用两种可选柔性膜模型对砂和压载物的三轴试验进行 DEM 模拟时，对同时考虑曲率和拉力的膜校正进行研究
在三轴试验的 DEM 模拟中，对柔性侧膜进行建模至关重要，也极具挑战性。它对于正确施加均匀侧压力和精确测量样品体积至关重要。在这里，我们引入了一种由三角形切面组成的薄膜，并将其作为连续体建模；然后，我们将这种方法与一种使用粘合球层的成熟方法进行比较。无论采用哪种方法，都可以评估膜在变形时施加的附加应力，即施加在边界上的应力与样品内部实际应力之间的差异。结果表明，这种差异有两个原因：一是膜在变形时产生的张力；二是膜的弧度，因为这会导致可能很大的约束压力垂直分量。这些发现可用于指导和改进实验中常用的膜校正，因为在实验中会出现类似的效应。
期刊介绍：
Although many phenomena observed in granular materials are still not yet fully understood, important contributions have been made to further our understanding using modern tools from statistical mechanics, micro-mechanics, and computational science.
These modern tools apply to disordered systems, phase transitions, instabilities or intermittent behavior and the performance of discrete particle simulations.
>> Until now, however, many of these results were only to be found scattered throughout the literature. Physicists are often unaware of the theories and results published by engineers or other fields - and vice versa.
The journal Granular Matter thus serves as an interdisciplinary platform of communication among researchers of various disciplines who are involved in the basic research on granular media. It helps to establish a common language and gather articles under one single roof that up to now have been spread over many journals in a variety of fields. Notwithstanding, highly applied or technical work is beyond the scope of this journal.
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