The determinants of legislation for radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) with the onset of 5G: An empirical analysis with a worldwide cross-sectional dataset.

IF 3 3区 医学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS Risk Analysis Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-31 DOI:10.1111/risa.14298
Laura Recuero Virto, Marek Czerwiński, Jérémy Froidevaux
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Abstract

The unprecedented exposure of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) to humans from mobile communications raises serious public concern about the possibility of unexpected adverse health effects and has stimulated authorities to adopt precautionary exposure limits. These limits are distinctly different across countries, and the causes of these differences are unclear from the literature. This article is the first empirical analysis on the determinants of RF-EMF exposure legislation, using a novel cross-sectional database of 164 countries worldwide. The analysis shows that decentralization and mobile competition in countries with low mobile network deployment tend to promote more stringent RF-EMF exposure limits across the dataset with 164 countries. In more decentralized countries, the regions had a greater influence on national legislation and could accommodate local demands with the advent of mobile technology in the 2000s. In contrast, decentralization and mobile competition in countries with high levels of mobile network deployment tend to relax RF-EMF exposure limits in the sample of 61 countries with fifth-generation (5G) technology. Indeed, restrictive RF-EMF exposure limits are constraining 5G deployment in a context of the widespread adoption of mobile-broadband technologies. These results should be useful for policymakers and mobile operators alike to anticipate the outcome of legislation in countries that have yet to introduce 5G technology. The results should also be useful when reviewing policies and strategies for the implementation of the upcoming 6G technology in frequency bands that will be increasingly higher (above 6 GHz up to THz for very local usage), and hence where the health effects on humans are less well studied.

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随着 5G 的到来,射频电磁场(RF-EMF)立法的决定因素:利用全球横截面数据集进行的实证分析。
人类前所未有地暴露在移动通信产生的射频电磁场(RF-EMF)中,这引起了公众对可能产生意想不到的不良健康影响的严重关切,并促使有关当局采用预防性暴露限值。这些限值在不同国家之间存在明显差异,而文献中并不清楚造成这些差异的原因。这篇文章首次利用全球 164 个国家的新型横截面数据库,对射频-电磁场暴露立法的决定因素进行了实证分析。分析表明,在 164 个国家的数据集中,移动网络部署较少国家的权力下放和移动竞争倾向于促进更严格的射频-电磁场暴露限制。在权力较为分散的国家,随着 2000 年代移动技术的出现,各地区对国家立法有更大的影响力,并能满足当地的需求。相比之下,在拥有第五代(5G)技术的 61 个国家样本中,移动网络部署水平高的国家的权力下放和移动竞争倾向于放宽射频-电磁场暴露限制。事实上,在移动宽带技术广泛应用的背景下,限制性射频电磁场暴露限制正在制约 5G 的部署。这些结果将有助于政策制定者和移动运营商预测尚未引入 5G 技术的国家的立法结果。这些结果还有助于审查即将推出的 6G 技术的实施政策和战略,因为 6G 技术的频段将越来越高(6 GHz 以上至太赫兹,用于非常局部的使用),因此对人类健康影响的研究也将越来越少。
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来源期刊
Risk Analysis
Risk Analysis 数学-数学跨学科应用
CiteScore
7.50
自引率
10.50%
发文量
183
审稿时长
4.2 months
期刊介绍: Published on behalf of the Society for Risk Analysis, Risk Analysis is ranked among the top 10 journals in the ISI Journal Citation Reports under the social sciences, mathematical methods category, and provides a focal point for new developments in the field of risk analysis. This international peer-reviewed journal is committed to publishing critical empirical research and commentaries dealing with risk issues. The topics covered include: • Human health and safety risks • Microbial risks • Engineering • Mathematical modeling • Risk characterization • Risk communication • Risk management and decision-making • Risk perception, acceptability, and ethics • Laws and regulatory policy • Ecological risks.
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