Strategies of plants to overcome abiotic and biotic stresses

IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Biological Reviews Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI:10.1111/brv.13079
Baoguo Du, Robert Haensch, Saleh Alfarraj, Heinz Rennenberg
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Abstract

In their environment, plants are exposed to a multitude of abiotic and biotic stresses that differ in intensity, duration and severity. As sessile organisms, they cannot escape these stresses, but instead have developed strategies to overcome them or to compensate for the consequences of stress exposure. Defence can take place at different levels and the mechanisms involved are thought to differ in efficiency across these levels. To minimise metabolic constraints and to reduce the costs of stress defence, plants prioritise first-line defence strategies in the apoplastic space, involving ascorbate, defensins and small peptides, as well as secondary metabolites, before cellular processes are affected. In addition, a large number of different symplastic mechanisms also provide efficient stress defence, including chemical antioxidants, antioxidative enzymes, secondary metabolites, defensins and other peptides as well as proteins. At both the symplastic and the apoplastic level of stress defence and compensation, a number of specialised transporters are thought to be involved in exchange across membranes that still have not been identified, and information on the regeneration of different defence compounds remains ambiguous. In addition, strategies to overcome and compensate for stress exposure operate not only at the cellular, but also at the organ and whole-plant levels, including stomatal regulation, and hypersensitive and systemic responses to prevent or reduce the spread of stress impacts within the plant. Defence can also take place at the ecosystem level by root exudation of signalling molecules and the emission of volatile organic compounds, either directly or indirectly into the rhizosphere and/or the aboveground atmosphere. The mechanisms by which plants control the production of these compounds and that mediate perception of stressful conditions are still not fully understood. Here we summarise plant defence strategies from the cellular to ecosystem level, discuss their advantages and disadvantages for plant growth and development, elucidate the current state of research on the transport and regeneration capacity of defence metabolites, and outline insufficiently explored questions for further investigation.

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植物克服非生物和生物压力的策略。
植物在其生存环境中会受到多种非生物和生物胁迫,这些胁迫的强度、持续时间和严重程度各不相同。作为无柄生物,它们无法逃避这些胁迫,但却开发出了克服这些胁迫或补偿胁迫后果的策略。防御可在不同层次上进行,而不同层次上的防御机制效率也不尽相同。为了最大限度地减少新陈代谢的限制并降低胁迫防御的成本,植物在细胞过程受到影响之前,会优先考虑凋亡空间的一线防御策略,包括抗坏血酸、防御素和小肽以及次生代谢物。此外,大量不同的合生质机制也能提供有效的胁迫防御,包括化学抗氧化剂、抗氧化酶、次生代谢物、防御素和其他肽以及蛋白质。在胁迫防御和补偿的交感和非交感层面,一些专门的转运体被认为参与了跨膜交换,但这些转运体仍未被确定,有关不同防御化合物再生的信息也仍然模糊不清。此外,克服和补偿胁迫的策略不仅在细胞层面上发挥作用,还在器官和整个植物层面上发挥作用,包括气孔调节、超敏反应和系统反应,以防止或减少植物内部胁迫影响的扩散。防御还可以通过根部渗出信号分子和释放挥发性有机化合物,直接或间接进入根瘤层和/或地面大气,在生态系统层面上进行。植物控制这些化合物的产生并介导对胁迫条件感知的机制仍未完全明了。在此,我们总结了从细胞到生态系统层面的植物防御策略,讨论了这些策略对植物生长和发育的利弊,阐明了防御代谢物的运输和再生能力的研究现状,并概述了有待进一步研究的尚未充分探索的问题。
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来源期刊
Biological Reviews
Biological Reviews 生物-生物学
CiteScore
21.30
自引率
2.00%
发文量
99
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Biological Reviews is a scientific journal that covers a wide range of topics in the biological sciences. It publishes several review articles per issue, which are aimed at both non-specialist biologists and researchers in the field. The articles are scholarly and include extensive bibliographies. Authors are instructed to be aware of the diverse readership and write their articles accordingly. The reviews in Biological Reviews serve as comprehensive introductions to specific fields, presenting the current state of the art and highlighting gaps in knowledge. Each article can be up to 20,000 words long and includes an abstract, a thorough introduction, and a statement of conclusions. The journal focuses on publishing synthetic reviews, which are based on existing literature and address important biological questions. These reviews are interesting to a broad readership and are timely, often related to fast-moving fields or new discoveries. A key aspect of a synthetic review is that it goes beyond simply compiling information and instead analyzes the collected data to create a new theoretical or conceptual framework that can significantly impact the field. Biological Reviews is abstracted and indexed in various databases, including Abstracts on Hygiene & Communicable Diseases, Academic Search, AgBiotech News & Information, AgBiotechNet, AGRICOLA Database, GeoRef, Global Health, SCOPUS, Weed Abstracts, and Reaction Citation Index, among others.
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