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Molluscan systematics: historical perspectives and the way ahead. 软体动物系统学:历史展望与未来之路。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13157
Biyang Xu, Lingfeng Kong, Jin Sun, Junlong Zhang, Yang Zhang, Hao Song, Qi Li, Juan E Uribe, Kenneth M Halanych, Chenyang Cai, Yun-Wei Dong, Shi Wang, Yuanning Li

Mollusca, the second-most diverse animal phylum, is estimated to have over 100,000 living species with great genetic and phenotypic diversity, a rich fossil record, and a considerable evolutionary significance. Early work on molluscan systematics was grounded in morphological and anatomical studies. With the transition from oligo gene Sanger sequencing to cutting-edge genomic sequencing technologies, molecular data has been increasingly utilised, providing abundant information for reconstructing the molluscan phylogenetic tree. However, relationships among and within most major lineages of Mollusca have long been contentious, often due to limited genetic markers, insufficient taxon sampling and phylogenetic conflict. Fortunately, remarkable progress in molluscan systematics has been made in recent years, which has shed light on how major molluscan groups have evolved. In this review of molluscan systematics, we first synthesise the current understanding of the molluscan Tree of Life at higher taxonomic levels. We then discuss how micromolluscs, which have adult individuals with a body size smaller than 5 mm, offer unique insights into Mollusca's vast diversity and deep phylogeny. Despite recent advancements, our knowledge of molluscan systematics and phylogeny still needs refinement. Further advancements in molluscan systematics will arise from integrating comprehensive data sets, including genome-scale data, exceptional fossils, and digital morphological data (including internal structures). Enhanced access to these data sets, combined with increased collaboration among morphologists, palaeontologists, evolutionary developmental biologists, and molecular phylogeneticists, will significantly advance this field.

软体动物门是种类第二多的动物门,据估计有超过 10 万个活体物种,其遗传和表型具有极大的多样性,化石记录丰富,对进化具有重要意义。早期的软体动物系统学研究以形态学和解剖学研究为基础。随着寡聚基因桑格测序技术向尖端基因组测序技术的过渡,分子数据得到越来越多的利用,为重建软体动物系统发育树提供了丰富的信息。然而,软体动物大多数主要类群之间和类群内部的关系长期以来一直存在争议,原因往往是遗传标记有限、分类群取样不足和系统发育冲突。幸运的是,近年来软体动物系统学取得了重大进展,揭示了主要软体动物类群的演化过程。在这篇软体动物系统学综述中,我们首先综述了目前在较高分类水平上对软体动物生命树的理解。然后,我们讨论了体型小于 5 毫米的成年个体--微型软体动物如何为了解软体动物的巨大多样性和深层系统发育提供了独特的视角。尽管最近取得了一些进展,但我们对软体动物系统学和系统发育的了解仍有待完善。软体动物系统学的进一步发展将源于综合数据集,包括基因组尺度数据、特殊化石和数字形态学数据(包括内部结构)。加强对这些数据集的获取,同时加强形态学家、古生物学家、进化发育生物学家和分子系统论专家之间的合作,将极大地推动这一领域的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Insect immunity in the Anthropocene. 人类世的昆虫免疫力。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13158
Md Kawsar Khan, Jens Rolff

Anthropogenic activities result in global change, including climate change, landscape degradation and pollution, that can alter insect physiology and immune defences. These changes may have contributed to global insect decline and the dynamics of insect-transmitted diseases. The ability of insects to mount immune responses upon infection is crucial for defence against pathogens and parasites. Suppressed immune defences reduce fitness by causing disease-driven mortality and elevated immune responses reduce energy available to invest in other fitness traits such as reproduction. Understanding the impact of anthropogenic factors on insect-pathogen interactions is therefore key to determining the contribution of anthropogenic global change to pathogen-driven global insect decline and the emergence and transmission of insect-borne diseases. Here, we synthesise evidence of the impact of anthropogenic factors on insect immunity. We found evidence that anthropogenic factors, such as insecticides and heavy metals, directly impacting insect immune responses by inhibiting immune activation pathways. Alternatively, factors such as global warming, heatwaves, elevated CO2 and landscape degradation can indirectly reduce insect immune responses via reducing the energy available for immune function. We further review how anthropogenic factors impact pathogen clearance and contribute to an increase in vector-borne diseases. We discuss the fitness cost of anthropogenic factors via pathogen-driven mortality and reduced reproductive output and how this can contribute to species extinction. We found that most research has determined the impact of a single anthropogenic factor on insect immune responses or pathogen resistance. We recommend studying the combined impact of multiple stressors on immune response and pathogen resistance to understand better how anthropogenic factors affect insect immunity. We conclude by highlighting the importance of initiatives to mitigate the impact of anthropogenic factors on insect immunity, to reduce the spread of vector-borne diseases, and to protect vulnerable ecosystems from emerging diseases.

人类活动导致全球变化,包括气候变化、景观退化和污染,从而改变了昆虫的生理机能和免疫防御能力。这些变化可能导致全球昆虫数量下降和昆虫传播疾病的动态变化。昆虫在受到感染时启动免疫反应的能力对于抵御病原体和寄生虫至关重要。被抑制的免疫防御会导致疾病引起的死亡,从而降低昆虫的适应能力;免疫反应的升高则会减少可用于投资繁殖等其他适应特征的能量。因此,了解人为因素对昆虫-病原体相互作用的影响是确定人为全球变化对病原体驱动的全球昆虫减少以及虫媒疾病的出现和传播所起作用的关键。在这里,我们综合了人为因素对昆虫免疫力影响的证据。我们发现有证据表明,杀虫剂和重金属等人为因素通过抑制免疫激活途径直接影响昆虫的免疫反应。另外,全球变暖、热浪、二氧化碳升高和景观退化等因素也会通过减少免疫功能所需的能量,间接降低昆虫的免疫反应。我们进一步回顾了人为因素如何影响病原体的清除并导致病媒传播疾病的增加。我们讨论了人为因素通过病原体导致的死亡率和繁殖力下降造成的适应性成本,以及这如何导致物种灭绝。我们发现,大多数研究确定了单一人为因素对昆虫免疫反应或病原体抵抗力的影响。我们建议研究多种压力因素对免疫反应和病原体抵抗力的综合影响,以更好地了解人为因素如何影响昆虫免疫力。最后,我们强调了采取措施减轻人为因素对昆虫免疫力影响的重要性,以减少病媒传播疾病的传播,保护脆弱的生态系统免受新疾病的侵袭。
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引用次数: 0
The cryptonephridial/rectal complex: an evolutionary adaptation for water and ion conservation. 隐鳃/直肠复合体:水和离子保存的进化适应。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13156
Robin Beaven, Barry Denholm

Arthropods have integrated digestive and renal systems, which function to acquire and maintain homeostatically the substances they require for survival. The cryptonephridial complex (CNC) is an evolutionary novelty in which the renal organs and gut have been dramatically reorganised. Parts of the renal or Malpighian tubules (MpTs) form a close association with the surface of the rectum, and are surrounded by a novel tissue, the perinephric membrane, which acts to insulate the system from the haemolymph and thus allows tight regulation of ions and water into and out of the CNC. The CNC can reclaim water and solutes from the rectal contents and recycle these back into the haemolymph. Fluid flow in the MpTs runs counter to flow within the rectum. It is this countercurrent arrangement that underpins its powerful recycling capabilities, and represents one of the most efficient water conservation mechanisms in nature. CNCs appear to have evolved multiple times, and are present in some of the largest and most evolutionarily successful insect groups including the larvae of most Lepidoptera and in a major beetle lineage (Cucujiformia + Bostrichoidea), suggesting that the CNC is an important adaptation. Here we review the knowledge of this remarkable organ system gained over the past 200 years. We first focus on the CNCs of tenebrionid beetles, for which we have an in-depth understanding from physiological, structural and ultrastructural studies (primarily in Tenebrio molitor), which are now being extended by studies in Tribolium castaneum enabled by advances in molecular and microscopy approaches established for this species. These recent studies are beginning to illuminate CNC development, physiology and endocrine control. We then take a broader view of arthropod CNCs, phylogenetically mapping their reported occurrence to assess their distribution and likely evolutionary origins. We explore CNCs from an ecological viewpoint, put forward evidence that CNCs may primarily be adaptations for facing the challenges of larval life, and argue that their loss in many aquatic species could point to a primary function in conserving water in terrestrial species. Finally, by considering the functions of renal and digestive epithelia in insects lacking CNCs, as well as the typical architecture of these organs in relation to one another, we propose that ancestral features of these organs predispose them for the evolution of CNCs.

节肢动物拥有完整的消化系统和肾脏系统,这些系统的功能是获取和维持它们生存所需的物质。隐肾小管复合体(CNC)是一种新的进化现象,肾脏器官和肠道在其中发生了巨大的重组。部分肾小管或马尔皮格肾小管(MpTs)与直肠表面紧密相连,并被一种新型组织--肾周膜--所包围,肾周膜的作用是将该系统与血液淋巴隔绝开来,从而对进出 CNC 的离子和水进行严格调节。CNC 可以回收直肠内容物中的水和溶质,并将其回收到血液淋巴中。MpTs 中的液体流动与直肠内的流动相反。正是这种逆流安排支持了其强大的回收能力,并代表了自然界中最有效的节水机制之一。CNC似乎已经进化了多次,并出现在一些最大和进化最成功的昆虫类群中,包括大多数鳞翅目昆虫的幼虫和一个主要的甲虫类群(Cucujiformia + Bostrichoidea),这表明 CNC 是一种重要的适应性机制。在此,我们回顾了过去 200 年来对这一非凡器官系统的认识。我们首先关注天牛甲虫的 CNC,通过生理、结构和超微结构研究(主要是对 Tenebrio molitor 的研究),我们对 CNC 有了深入的了解,目前对 Tribolium castaneum 的研究也扩展了我们的了解,该物种的分子和显微镜研究方法取得了进展。这些最新研究开始揭示数控系统的发育、生理和内分泌控制。然后,我们将从更广阔的视角来研究节肢动物的数控系统,通过系统发生图来评估其分布和可能的进化起源。我们从生态学的角度探讨了数控系统,提出了数控系统可能主要是为了适应幼虫生活的挑战的证据,并认为许多水生物种中数控系统的消失可能表明陆生物种具有保护水源的主要功能。最后,通过考虑缺乏数控系统的昆虫的肾上皮和消化上皮的功能,以及这些器官之间的典型结构关系,我们提出这些器官的祖先特征预示着数控系统的进化。
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引用次数: 0
Automatic detection for bioacoustic research: a practical guide from and for biologists and computer scientists. 生物声学研究的自动检测:生物学家和计算机科学家的实用指南。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13155
Arik Kershenbaum, Çağlar Akçay, Lakshmi Babu-Saheer, Alex Barnhill, Paul Best, Jules Cauzinille, Dena Clink, Angela Dassow, Emmanuel Dufourq, Jonathan Growcott, Andrew Markham, Barbara Marti-Domken, Ricard Marxer, Jen Muir, Sam Reynolds, Holly Root-Gutteridge, Sougata Sadhukhan, Loretta Schindler, Bethany R Smith, Dan Stowell, Claudia A F Wascher, Jacob C Dunn

Recent years have seen a dramatic rise in the use of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) for biological and ecological applications, and a corresponding increase in the volume of data generated. However, data sets are often becoming so sizable that analysing them manually is increasingly burdensome and unrealistic. Fortunately, we have also seen a corresponding rise in computing power and the capability of machine learning algorithms, which offer the possibility of performing some of the analysis required for PAM automatically. Nonetheless, the field of automatic detection of acoustic events is still in its infancy in biology and ecology. In this review, we examine the trends in bioacoustic PAM applications, and their implications for the burgeoning amount of data that needs to be analysed. We explore the different methods of machine learning and other tools for scanning, analysing, and extracting acoustic events automatically from large volumes of recordings. We then provide a step-by-step practical guide for using automatic detection in bioacoustics. One of the biggest challenges for the greater use of automatic detection in bioacoustics is that there is often a gulf in expertise between the biological sciences and the field of machine learning and computer science. Therefore, this review first presents an overview of the requirements for automatic detection in bioacoustics, intended to familiarise those from a computer science background with the needs of the bioacoustics community, followed by an introduction to the key elements of machine learning and artificial intelligence that a biologist needs to understand to incorporate automatic detection into their research. We then provide a practical guide to building an automatic detection pipeline for bioacoustic data, and conclude with a discussion of possible future directions in this field.

近年来,被动声学监测(PAM)在生物和生态领域的应用急剧增加,产生的数据量也相应增加。然而,数据集往往变得非常庞大,以至于人工分析数据变得越来越繁琐和不现实。幸运的是,我们也看到了计算能力和机器学习算法能力的相应提高,这为自动执行 PAM 所需的某些分析提供了可能。然而,在生物学和生态学领域,声学事件的自动检测仍处于起步阶段。在本综述中,我们将探讨生物声学 PAM 应用的发展趋势,以及它们对需要分析的海量数据的影响。我们探讨了机器学习的不同方法以及从大量录音中自动扫描、分析和提取声学事件的其他工具。然后,我们将逐步提供在生物声学中使用自动检测的实用指南。在生物声学中更广泛地使用自动检测技术所面临的最大挑战之一是,生物科学与机器学习和计算机科学领域之间的专业知识往往存在鸿沟。因此,本综述首先概述了生物声学中自动检测的要求,旨在让计算机科学背景的人员熟悉生物声学界的需求,然后介绍了生物学家将自动检测纳入其研究时需要了解的机器学习和人工智能的关键要素。然后,我们将为您提供一个实用指南,帮助您为生物声学数据建立一个自动检测管道,最后,我们将讨论该领域未来可能的发展方向。
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引用次数: 0
EthoCRED: a framework to guide reporting and evaluation of the relevance and reliability of behavioural ecotoxicity studies. EthoCRED:指导报告和评估行为生态毒性研究相关性和可靠性的框架。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13154
Michael G Bertram, Marlene Ågerstrand, Eli S J Thoré, Joel Allen, Sigal Balshine, Jack A Brand, Bryan W Brooks, ZhiChao Dang, Sabine Duquesne, Alex T Ford, Frauke Hoffmann, Henner Hollert, Stefanie Jacob, Werner Kloas, Nils Klüver, Jim Lazorchak, Mariana Ledesma, Gerd Maack, Erin L Macartney, Jake M Martin, Steven D Melvin, Marcus Michelangeli, Silvia Mohr, Stephanie Padilla, Gregory Pyle, Minna Saaristo, René Sahm, Els Smit, Jeffery A Steevens, Sanne van den Berg, Laura E Vossen, Donald Wlodkowic, Bob B M Wong, Michael Ziegler, Tomas Brodin

Behavioural analysis has been attracting significant attention as a broad indicator of sub-lethal toxicity and has secured a place as an important subdiscipline in ecotoxicology. Among the most notable characteristics of behavioural research, compared to other established approaches in sub-lethal ecotoxicology (e.g. reproductive and developmental bioassays), are the wide range of study designs being used and the diversity of endpoints considered. At the same time, environmental hazard and risk assessment, which underpins regulatory decisions to protect the environment from potentially harmful chemicals, often recommends that ecotoxicological data be produced following accepted and validated test guidelines. These guidelines typically do not address behavioural changes, meaning that these, often sensitive, effects are not represented in hazard and risk assessments. Here, we propose a new tool, the EthoCRED evaluation method, for assessing the relevance and reliability of behavioural ecotoxicity data, which considers the unique requirements and challenges encountered in this field. This method and accompanying reporting recommendations are designed to serve as an extension of the "Criteria for Reporting and Evaluating Ecotoxicity Data (CRED)" project. As such, EthoCRED can both accommodate the wide array of experimental design approaches seen in behavioural ecotoxicology, and could be readily implemented into regulatory frameworks as deemed appropriate by policy makers of different jurisdictions to allow better integration of knowledge gained from behavioural testing into environmental protection. Furthermore, through our reporting recommendations, we aim to improve the reporting of behavioural studies in the peer-reviewed literature, and thereby increase their usefulness to inform chemical regulation.

行为分析作为亚致死毒性的一个广泛指标,一直备受关注,并已成为生态毒理学的一个重要分支学科。与亚致死生态毒理学的其他既定方法(如生殖和发育生物测定)相比,行为研究最显著的特点是采用的研究设计范围广泛,考虑的终点也多种多样。同时,环境危害和风险评估是保护环境免受潜在有害化学品危害的监管决策的基础,通常建议按照公认和有效的测试准则来编制生态毒理学数据。这些指南通常不涉及行为变化,这意味着危害和风险评估中无法体现这些通常很敏感的影响。在此,我们提出了一种新的工具--EthoCRED 评估方法,用于评估行为生态毒性数据的相关性和可靠性,该方法考虑到了这一领域的独特要求和所遇到的挑战。该方法和随附的报告建议旨在作为 "生态毒性数据报告和评估标准(CRED)"项目的延伸。因此,EthoCRED 既能适应行为生态毒理学中的各种实验设计方法,又能在不同辖区的政策制定者认为合适的监管框架中随时实施,以便更好地将从行为测试中获得的知识整合到环境保护中。此外,通过我们的报告建议,我们旨在改进同行评审文献中的行为研究报告,从而提高其在化学品监管方面的实用性。
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引用次数: 0
The ecological and evolutionary dynamics of inselbergs. 海岛的生态和进化动态。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13150
Bram Vanschoenwinkel, Luiza F A de Paula, Joren M Snoeks, Tom Van der Stocken, Falko T Buschke, Stefan Porembski, Fernando A O Silveira

Islands are fundamental model systems in ecology, biogeography, and evolutionary biology. However, terrestrial islands, unlike their aquatic counterparts, have received comparatively less attention. Among these land islands, inselbergs (i.e. isolated rock outcrops with diverse lithologies and a modest topographical prominence) stand out as iconic examples distributed worldwide across global biomes. Due to their durable lithology, inselbergs change slowly, persisting for tens of millions of years. In this review, we propose a biological definition for inselbergs that captures three fundamental characteristics of inselbergs from the perspective of biota. These are old age, isolation and the presence of unique microhabitats that are rare or absent in the surrounding matrix, fostering distinct communities often with unique and endemic biota. We synthesise the state of the art and formulate a set of testable hypotheses to deepen our understanding of the origins and maintenance of diversity on inselbergs, which are increasingly exposed to anthropogenic threats. By offering different habitats compared to the surrounding habitat matrix (e.g. moist microhabitats in dryland landscapes and xeric environments in humid tropical landscapes), inselbergs may allow specific lineages to thrive beyond their typical geographical limits. Particularly in drylands and degraded landscapes, inselbergs may not just provide different habitats but also act as ecological refuges or evolutionary refugia by providing a wider range of potential microhabitats than the surrounding matrix, enhancing resilience and promoting regional biodiversity. The central role of the matrix ensures that the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of inselbergs differ from those of true islands such as oceanic islands. Given that inselberg biota coexist within a terrestrial matrix, interactions between inselberg and matrix populations impact each other significantly. Over evolutionary timescales, matrix species may contract to inselberg refugia, preserving lineages while cycles of isolation and reconnection may drive speciation via a species pump. Although inselberg biodiversity has been studied predominantly from an island biogeography perspective, we argue that depending on the spatial scale, habitat specificity and mobility of the organisms considered, a range of different theories and paradigms can help explain the biogeography and local distribution patterns of different taxonomic and functional groups of inselberg species.

岛屿是生态学、生物地理学和进化生物学的基本模式系统。然而,与水生岛屿不同,陆生岛屿受到的关注相对较少。在这些陆地岛屿中,海岛(即岩性各异、地势不高的孤立岩石露头)最为突出,是分布于全球各生物群落的标志性实例。由于其岩性持久,海岛变化缓慢,可持续数千万年。在这篇综述中,我们提出了海岛山的生物学定义,该定义从生物群的角度抓住了海岛山的三个基本特征。这三个基本特征是年代久远、与世隔绝以及存在独特的微生境,而这些微生境在周围基质中是罕见的或不存在的,从而形成了独特的群落,这些群落通常具有独特和特有的生物区系。我们综合了目前的研究成果,提出了一系列可检验的假设,以加深我们对日益受到人为威胁的海岛多样性的起源和维持的理解。通过提供与周围栖息地不同的栖息地(如旱地景观中的潮湿微生境和潮湿热带景观中的干旱环境),海岛可能会使特定的品系在其典型的地理范围之外繁衍生息。特别是在旱地和退化地貌中,石岛不仅可以提供不同的栖息地,还可以作为生态庇护所或进化庇护所,提供比周围基质更广泛的潜在微生境,增强复原力,促进区域生物多样性。基质的核心作用确保了海岛的生态和进化动态有别于海洋岛屿等真正意义上的岛屿。由于海岛生物群落与陆地基质共存,海岛生物群落与基质生物群落之间的相互作用会对彼此产生重大影响。在进化的时间尺度上,基质物种可能会收缩到岛山避难所,从而保留了世系,而隔离和重新连接的周期可能会通过物种泵推动物种的分化。尽管人们主要从岛屿生物地理学的角度来研究海岛生物多样性,但我们认为,根据所考虑的生物的空间尺度、栖息地特异性和流动性,一系列不同的理论和范式可以帮助解释不同分类和功能的海岛物种群的生物地理学和当地分布模式。
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引用次数: 0
Protection of the genome and the central exome by peripheral non-coding DNA against DNA damage in health, ageing and age-related diseases. 外周非编码 DNA 保护基因组和中心外显子组免受健康、衰老和老年相关疾病中的 DNA 损伤。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13151
Guo-Hua Qiu, Mingjun Fu, Xintian Zheng, Cuiqin Huang

DNA in eukaryotic genomes is under constant assault from both exogenous and endogenous sources, leading to DNA damage, which is considered a major molecular driver of ageing. Fortunately, the genome and the central exome are safeguarded against these attacks by abundant peripheral non-coding DNA. Non-coding DNA codes for small non-coding RNAs that inactivate foreign nucleic acids in the cytoplasm and physically blocks these attacks in the nucleus. Damage to non-coding DNA produced during such blockage is removed in the form of extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) through nucleic pore complexes. Consequently, non-coding DNA serves as a line of defence for the exome against DNA damage. The total amount of non-coding DNA/heterochromatin declines with age, resulting in a decrease in both physical blockage and eccDNA exclusion, and thus an increase in the accumulation of DNA damage in the nucleus during ageing and in age-related diseases. Here, we summarize recent evidence supporting a protective role of non-coding DNA in healthy and pathological states and argue that DNA damage is the proximate cause of ageing and age-related genetic diseases. Strategies aimed at strengthening the protective role of non-coding DNA/heterochromatin could potentially offer better systematic protection for the dynamic genome and the exome against diverse assaults, reduce the burden of DNA damage to the exome, and thus slow ageing, counteract age-related genetic diseases and promote a healthier life for individuals.

真核生物基因组中的 DNA 不断受到来自外源和内源的攻击,导致 DNA 损伤,这被认为是老化的主要分子驱动因素。幸运的是,基因组和中心外显子组受到丰富的外周非编码 DNA 的保护,免受这些攻击。非编码 DNA 可编码小型非编码 RNA,在细胞质中使外来核酸失活,并在细胞核中对这些攻击进行物理阻断。在这种阻断过程中对非编码 DNA 造成的损伤会通过核孔复合体以染色体外环状 DNA(eccDNA)的形式被清除。因此,非编码 DNA 是外显子组抵御 DNA 损伤的一道防线。非编码 DNA/异染色质的总量会随着年龄的增长而减少,从而导致物理阻断和 eccDNA 排阻的减少,因此在衰老过程中和与年龄相关的疾病中,DNA 损伤在细胞核中的积累会增加。在此,我们总结了支持非编码 DNA 在健康和病理状态下发挥保护作用的最新证据,并认为 DNA 损伤是老化和与年龄相关的遗传疾病的近因。旨在加强非编码 DNA/异染色质保护作用的策略有可能为动态基因组和外显子组提供更好的系统保护,使其免受各种攻击,减轻 DNA 损伤对外显子组造成的负担,从而延缓衰老,抵御与年龄相关的遗传疾病,促进个人更健康的生活。
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引用次数: 0
Trouble on the horizon: anticipating biological invasions through futures thinking. 地平线上的麻烦:通过未来思维预测生物入侵。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13149
Philip E Hulme
<p><p>Anticipating future biosecurity threats to prevent their occurrence is the most cost-effective strategy to manage invasive alien species. Yet, biological invasions are complex, highly uncertain processes. High uncertainty drives decision-making away from strategic preventative measures and towards operational outcomes aimed at post-invasion management. The limited success of preventative measures in curbing biological invasions reflects this short-term mindset and decision-makers should instead apply strategic foresight to imagine futures where biosecurity threats are minimised. Here, four major futures thinking tools (environmental scanning, driver-mapping, horizon scanning, and scenario planning) that describe probable, possible, plausible and preferable futures are assessed in terms of their potential to support both research and policy addressing biological invasions. Environmental scanning involves surveying existing data sources to detect signals of emerging alien species through knowledge of changes in either the likelihood or consequences of biological invasions. Several approaches are widely used for biosecurity including automated scans of digital media, consensus-based expert scoring, and prediction markets. Automated systems can be poor at detecting weak signals because of the large volume of 'noise' they generate while expert scoring relies on prior knowledge and so fails to identify unknown unknowns which is also true of prediction markets that work well for quite specific known risks. Driver-mapping uses expert consensus to identify the political, economic, societal, technological, legislative, and environmental forces shaping the future and is a critical component of strategic foresight that has rarely been applied to biological invasions. Considerable potential exists to extend this approach to develop system maps to identify where biosecurity interventions may be most effective and to explore driver complexes to determine megatrends shaping the future of biological invasions. Horizon scanning is a systematic outlook of potential threats and future developments to detect weak signals of emerging issues that exist at the margins of current thinking. Applications have been strongly focused on emerging issues related to research and technological challenges relevant to biosecurity and invasion science. However, most of these emerging issues are already well known in current-day research. Because horizon scanning is based on expert consensus, it needs to embrace a diversity of cultural, gender, and disciplinary diversity more adequately to ensure participants think intuitively and outside of their own subject boundaries. Scenario planning constructs storylines that describe alternative ways the political, economic, social, technological, legislative, and environmental situation might develop in the future. Biological invasion scenario planning has favoured structured approaches such as standardised archetypes and uncertainty ma
预测未来的生物安全威胁以防止其发生,是管理外来入侵物种最具成本效益的策略。然而,生物入侵是一个复杂、高度不确定的过程。高度不确定性促使决策从战略预防措施转向旨在入侵后管理的行动成果。预防性措施在遏制生物入侵方面的有限成功反映了这种短期心态,决策者应运用战略前瞻性思维来想象生物安全威胁最小化的未来。在此,我们将对四种主要的未来思维工具(环境扫描、驱动因素测绘、前景扫描和情景规划)进行评估,这四种工具分别描述了可能的、可能的、似是而非的和可取的未来,以评估它们在支持应对生物入侵的研究和政策方面的潜力。环境扫描包括调查现有数据源,通过了解生物入侵的可能性或后果的变化,发现新出现的外来物种的信号。有几种方法被广泛用于生物安全,包括数字媒体自动扫描、基于共识的专家评分和预测市场。由于自动系统会产生大量 "噪音",因此在检测微弱信号方面可能表现不佳,而专家评分则依赖于先前的知识,因此无法识别未知的未知因素。驱动因素绘图法利用专家共识来确定影响未来的政治、经济、社会、技术、立法和环境力量,是战略展望的一个重要组成部分,但很少应用于生物入侵。将这一方法扩展到绘制系统地图以确定生物安全干预措施在哪些方面可能最有效,以及探索驱动因素综合体以确定影响生物入侵未来的大趋势,都具有相当大的潜力。地平线扫描是对潜在威胁和未来发展的一种系统性展望,目的是探测当前思维边缘存在的新问题的微弱信号。应用主要集中在与生物安全和入侵科学相关的研究和技术挑战方面的新问题。然而,这些新出现的问题大多已在当前的研究中广为人知。由于地平线扫描建立在专家共识的基础上,因此需要更充分地接纳文化、性别和学科的多样性,以确保参与者能够直观地思考问题,并跳出自己的学科界限。情景规划构建了故事情节,描述了政治、经济、社会、技术、立法和环境状况在未来可能发展的其他方式。生物入侵情景规划偏向于结构化方法,如标准化原型和不确定性矩阵,但也可以通过使用焚烧、反向预测或因果分层分析等方法来应用更直观的思维。生物入侵方面的未来思维还没有与决策者或其他利益相关者充分互动,因此,在政策和管理优先事项方面取得的成果较少。迄今为止,针对生物入侵的战略展望都是孤立地应用每一种方法。然而,让不同的利益相关者参与探索与生物入侵有关的可能的、有可能的、可信的和可取的未来的综合未来思维方法,对于在国家和全球范围内开展生物安全战略展望至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
The Lego hypothesis of tissue morphogenesis: stereotypic organization of parallel orientational cell adhesions for epithelial self-assembly. 组织形态发生的乐高假说:上皮自组装的平行定向细胞粘附立体组织。
IF 11 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13147
Lili Zhang, Xiangyun Wei

How tissues develop distinct structures remains poorly understood. We propose herein the Lego hypothesis of tissue morphogenesis, which states that during tissue morphogenesis, the topographical properties of cell surface adhesion molecules can be dynamically altered and polarised by regulating the spatiotemporal expression and localization of orientational cell adhesion (OCA) molecules cell-autonomously and non-cell-autonomously, thus modulating cells into unique Lego pieces for self-assembling into distinct cytoarchitectures. This concept can be exemplified by epithelial morphogenesis, in which cells are coalesced into a sheet by many types of adhesions. Among them, parallel OCAs (pOCAs) at the lateral cell membranes are essential for configuring cells in parallel. Major pOCAs include Na+/K+-ATPase-mediated adhesions, Crumbs-mediated adhesions, tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes. These pOCAs align in stereotypical orders along the apical-to-basal axis, and their absolute positioning is also regulated. Such spatial organization of pOCAs underlies proper epithelial morphogenesis. Thus, a key open question about tissue morphogenesis is how to regulate OCAs to make compatible adhesive cellular Lego pieces for tissue construction.

人们对组织如何形成独特的结构仍然知之甚少。我们在此提出了组织形态发生的乐高假说,即在组织形态发生过程中,细胞表面粘附分子的地形特性可通过调节细胞自主和非细胞自主的定向细胞粘附(OCA)分子的时空表达和定位而发生动态改变和极化,从而将细胞调节成独特的乐高积木,自我组装成独特的细胞结构。上皮细胞的形态发生就是这一概念的例证,在上皮细胞的形态发生过程中,细胞通过多种类型的粘附凝聚成片。其中,侧细胞膜上的平行 OCA(pOCAs)对于平行配置细胞至关重要。主要的平行 OCA 包括 Na+/K+-ATP 酶介导的粘附、Crumbs 介导的粘附、紧密连接、粘连和脱膜小体。这些 pOCAs 沿顶端至基底轴按定型顺序排列,其绝对位置也受到调控。pOCAs 的这种空间组织是上皮正常形态发生的基础。因此,关于组织形态发生的一个关键性开放问题是如何调节 OCA,使细胞乐高积木具有相容性粘合力,从而构建组织。
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引用次数: 0
Positive species interactions structure rhodolith bed communities at a global scale 积极的物种相互作用在全球范围内构建菱锰矿床群落
IF 1 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13148
Fabio Bulleri, Nadine Schubert, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Daniela Basso, Heidi L. Burdett, Ronaldo B. Francini-Filho, Jacques Grall, Paulo A. Horta, Nicholas A. Kamenos, Sophie Martin, Matteo Nannini, Pedro Neves, Irene Olivé, Viviana Peña, Federica Ragazzola, Cláudia Ribeiro, Eli Rinde, Marina Sissini, Fernando Tuya, João Silva
Rhodolith beds are diverse and globally distributed habitats. Nonetheless, the role of rhodoliths in structuring the associated species community through a hierarchy of positive interactions is yet to be recognised. In this review, we provide evidence that rhodoliths can function as foundation species of multi-level facilitation cascades and, hence, are fundamental for the persistence of hierarchically structured communities within coastal oceans. Rhodoliths generate facilitation cascades by buffering physical stress, reducing consumer pressure and enhancing resource availability. Due to large variations in their shape, size and density, a single rhodolith bed can support multiple taxonomically distant and architecturally distinct habitat-forming species, such as primary producers, sponges or bivalves, thus encompassing a broad range of functional traits and providing a wealth of secondary microhabitat and food resources. In addition, rhodoliths are often mobile, and thus can redistribute associated species, potentially expanding the distribution of species with short-distance dispersal abilities. Key knowledge gaps we have identified include: the experimental assessment of the role of rhodoliths as basal facilitators; the length and temporal stability of facilitation cascades; variations in species interactions within cascades across environmental gradients; and the role of rhodolith beds as climate refugia. Addressing these research priorities will allow the development of evidence-based policy decisions and elevate rhodolith beds within marine conservation strategies.
菱铁矿床是多种多样的栖息地,分布于全球各地。然而,人们尚未认识到红石在通过积极的相互作用层次结构相关物种群落方面所起的作用。在这篇综述中,我们提供的证据表明,菱铁矿可以作为多级促进级联的基础物种,因此是沿岸海洋中等级结构群落持续存在的基础。菱形石通过缓冲物理压力、减少消费者压力和提高资源可用性产生促进级联。由于其形状、大小和密度的巨大差异,单个菱形石床可支持多个在分类学上相距甚远、在建筑学上截然不同的生境形成物种,如初级生产者、海绵或双壳类动物,从而涵盖了广泛的功能特征,并提供了丰富的次生微生境和食物资源。此外,犀牛石通常具有移动性,因此可以重新分配相关物种,从而有可能扩大具有短距离传播能力的物种的分布范围。我们发现的主要知识空白包括:对菱铁矿作为基底促进剂的作用进行实验评估;促进级联的长度和时间稳定性;不同环境梯度级联内物种相互作用的变化;以及菱铁矿床作为气候避难所的作用。解决这些研究重点将有助于制定以证据为基础的决策,并提升红石床在海洋保护战略中的地位。
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引用次数: 0
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