Biochar from sugarcane bagasse: Synthesis, characterization, and application in an electrochemical sensor for copper (II) determination

Abstract

Biochar (BC) is a carbonaceous material obtained from the thermal decomposition of organic matter under limited oxygen supply that plays an attractive role in waste management. In this study, biochar was prepared from sugarcane bagasse, using pyrolysis temperatures from 300 to 700 °C, and chemically activated with HNO₃. Structural characterizations showed that degradation increased as pyrolysis temperature increased. Furthermore, a higher number of functional groups were observed for the materials produced under the lowest temperatures. Chemical activation resulted in oxidation and nitration of carbonaceous structure, increasing the number of functional groups on the materials. All materials were evaluated for the construction of electrochemical sensors towards Cu²⁺ ions voltammetric determination. The material produced at 400 °C pyrolysis temperature and activated (BCA400) provided the most intense response, which can be related to the presence of one of the highest numbers of surface groups, such as oxygen groups, on it. A method for Cu²⁺ determination was successfully developed based on differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV). A linear dynamic range (LDR) from 1.0 to 15.0 μmol L⁻¹ was achieved, with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.36 μmol L⁻¹, and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.09 μmol L⁻¹. The method was also adequate in terms of accuracy and precision, as well as selective against most cationic species commonly found in tap water. The analyte was determined in tap water samples, in natura and spiked with the maximum concentration allowed by Brazilian legislation, and successful recovery values were obtained. Therefore, biochar from sugarcane bagasse, an environmentally-friendly material, was successfully used to construct an electrochemical sensor and determining an environmental and health interest analyte.