Classical and molecular detection methods in aquatic environmental virology for waterborne diseases outbreaks

Abstract

Waterborne diseases commonly addresses the Human adenoviruses (HAdVs), Noroviruses (NoVs), Hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Parvoviruses, Rotaviruses (RVs), Caliciviruses, and Enteroviruses including Coxsackieviruses and Polioviruses. Waterborne virus-based illness may be transmitted through drinking water contamination linked diseases transmission sources as seawater, freshwater and also sewage. This paper described the classical methods of detection in aquatic environmental virology as cell culture-based, immunoassay and molecular-based technologies. The implementation of molecular-based tools and wastewater-based epidemiology studies to high-throughput for aquatic biomonitoring should be up to date to mitigating the risk and impact on aquatic environments.