Lignin-derived hard carbon anode with a robust solid electrolyte interphase for boosted sodium storage performance

Abstract

Hard carbon is regarded as a promising anode candidate for sodium-ion batteries due to its low cost, relatively low working voltage, and satisfactory specific capacity. However, it still remains a challenge to obtain a high-performance hard carbon anode from cost-effective carbon sources. In addition, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is subjected to continuous rupture during battery cycling, leading to fast capacity decay. Herein, a lignin-based hard carbon with robust SEI is developed to address these issues, effectively killing two birds with one stone. An innovative gas-phase removal-assisted aqueous washing strategy is developed to remove excessive sodium in the precursor to upcycle industrial lignin into high-value hard carbon, which demonstrated an ultrahigh sodium storage capacity of 359 mAh g⁻¹. It is found that the residual sodium components from lignin on hard carbon act as active sites that controllably regulate the composition and morphology of SEI and guide homogeneous SEI growth by a near-shore aggregation mechanism to form thin, dense, and organic-rich SEI. Benefiting from these merits, the as-developed SEI shows fast Na⁺ transfer at the interphases and enhanced structural stability, thus preventing SEI rupture and reformation, and ultimately leading to a comprehensive improvement in sodium storage performance.