Carbonitride MXenes, such as Ti3CNTx, Ti2C0.5N0.5Tx, and Ti4(C0.2N0.8)3Tx, have attracted much interest in the large family of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. Like their carbide MXene counterparts, the nanolayered structure and functional groups endow carbonitride MXenes with an attractive combination of physical and chemical properties. More interestingly, the replacement of C by N changes the lattice parameters and electron distribution of carbonitride MXenes due to the greater electronegativity of N as compared to C, thus resulting in significantly enhanced functional properties. This paper reviews the development of carbonitride MXenes, the preparation of 2D carbonitride MXenes, and the current understanding of the microstructure, electronic structure, and functional properties of carbonitride MXenes. In addition, applications, especially in energy storage, sensors, catalysts, electromagnetic wave shielding and absorption, fillers, and environmental and biomedical fields, are summarized. Finally, their current limitations and future opportunities are presented.
碳化物 MXenes（如 Ti3CNTx、Ti2C0.5N0.5Tx 和 Ti4(C0.2N0.8)3Tx）在庞大的二维（2D）纳米材料家族中备受关注。与碳化物 MXene 相似，纳米层状结构和官能团赋予了碳氮化物 MXene 极具吸引力的物理和化学特性组合。更有趣的是，由于 N 的电负性比 C 大，用 N 替代 C 会改变碳氮化物 MXenes 的晶格参数和电子分布，从而显著增强其功能特性。本文回顾了碳氮化物 MXenes 的发展、二维碳氮化物 MXenes 的制备以及目前对碳氮化物 MXenes 的微观结构、电子结构和功能特性的理解。此外，还概述了其应用，特别是在能量存储、传感器、催化剂、电磁波屏蔽和吸收、填料以及环境和生物医学领域的应用。最后，介绍了它们目前的局限性和未来的机遇。
{"title":"Two-dimensional carbonitride MXenes: From synthesis to properties and applications","authors":"Weiwei Zhang, Shibo Li, Xiachen Fan, Xuejin Zhang, Shukai Fan, Guoping Bei","doi":"10.1002/cey2.609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.609","url":null,"abstract":"Carbonitride MXenes, such as Ti<sub>3</sub>CNT<sub><i>x</i></sub>, Ti<sub>2</sub>C<sub>0.5</sub>N<sub>0.5</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub>, and Ti<sub>4</sub>(C<sub>0.2</sub>N<sub>0.8</sub>)<sub>3</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub>, have attracted much interest in the large family of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. Like their carbide MXene counterparts, the nanolayered structure and functional groups endow carbonitride MXenes with an attractive combination of physical and chemical properties. More interestingly, the replacement of C by N changes the lattice parameters and electron distribution of carbonitride MXenes due to the greater electronegativity of N as compared to C, thus resulting in significantly enhanced functional properties. This paper reviews the development of carbonitride MXenes, the preparation of 2D carbonitride MXenes, and the current understanding of the microstructure, electronic structure, and functional properties of carbonitride MXenes. In addition, applications, especially in energy storage, sensors, catalysts, electromagnetic wave shielding and absorption, fillers, and environmental and biomedical fields, are summarized. Finally, their current limitations and future opportunities are presented.","PeriodicalId":33706,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junyu Hou, Tianke Zhu, Gang Wang, Rongrong Cheacharoen, Wu Sun, Xingyu Lei, Qunyao Yuan, Dalin Sun, Jie Zhao
Solid-state sodium batteries (SSSBs) are poised to replace lithium-ion batteries as viable alternatives for energy storage systems owing to their high safety and reliability, abundance of raw material, and low costs. However, as the core constituent of SSSBs, solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) with low ionic conductivities at room temperature (RT) and unstable interfaces with electrodes hinder the development of SSSBs. Recently, composite SSEs (CSSEs), which inherit the desirable properties of two phases, high RT ionic conductivity, and high interfacial stability, have emerged as viable alternatives; however, their governing mechanism remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress of CSSEs, classified into inorganic–inorganic, polymer–polymer, and inorganic–polymer types, and discuss their structure–property relationship in detail. Moreover, the CSSE–electrode interface issues and effective strategies to promote intimate and stable interfaces are summarized. Finally, the trends in the design of CSSEs and CSSE–electrode interfaces are presented, along with the future development prospects of high-performance SSSBs.
{"title":"Composite electrolytes and interface designs for progressive solid-state sodium batteries","authors":"Junyu Hou, Tianke Zhu, Gang Wang, Rongrong Cheacharoen, Wu Sun, Xingyu Lei, Qunyao Yuan, Dalin Sun, Jie Zhao","doi":"10.1002/cey2.628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.628","url":null,"abstract":"Solid-state sodium batteries (SSSBs) are poised to replace lithium-ion batteries as viable alternatives for energy storage systems owing to their high safety and reliability, abundance of raw material, and low costs. However, as the core constituent of SSSBs, solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) with low ionic conductivities at room temperature (RT) and unstable interfaces with electrodes hinder the development of SSSBs. Recently, composite SSEs (CSSEs), which inherit the desirable properties of two phases, high RT ionic conductivity, and high interfacial stability, have emerged as viable alternatives; however, their governing mechanism remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress of CSSEs, classified into inorganic–inorganic, polymer–polymer, and inorganic–polymer types, and discuss their structure–property relationship in detail. Moreover, the CSSE–electrode interface issues and effective strategies to promote intimate and stable interfaces are summarized. Finally, the trends in the design of CSSEs and CSSE–electrode interfaces are presented, along with the future development prospects of high-performance SSSBs.","PeriodicalId":33706,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaeik Kim, Seungwoo Lee, Jeongheon Kim, Joonhyeok Park, Hyungjun Lee, Jiseok Kwon, Seho Sun, Junghyun Choi, Ungyu Paik, Taeseup Song
Anode-free all-solid-state batteries (AF-ASSBs) have received significant attention as a next-generation battery system due to their high energy density and safety. However, this system still faces challenges, such as poor Coulombic efficiency and short-circuiting caused by Li dendrite growth. In this study, the AF-ASSBs are demonstrated with reliable and robust electrochemical properties by employing Cu–Sn nanotube (NT) thin layer (~1 µm) on the Cu current collector for regulating Li electrodeposition. LixSn phases with high Li-ion diffusivity in the lithiated Cu–Sn NT layer enable facile Li diffusion along with its one-dimensional hollow geometry. The unique structure, in which Li electrodeposition takes place between the Cu–Sn NT layer and the current collector by the Coble creep mechanism, improves cell durability by preventing solid electrolyte (SE) decomposition and Li dendrite growth. Furthermore, the large surface area of the Cu–Sn NT layer ensures close contact with the SE layer, leading to a reduced lithiation overpotential compared to that of a flat Cu–Sn layer. The Cu–Sn NT layer also maintains its structural integrity owing to its high mechanical properties and porous nature, which could further alleviate the mechanical stress. The LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM)|SE|Cu–Sn NT@Cu cell with a practical capacity of 2.9 mAh cm−2 exhibits 83.8% cycle retention after 150 cycles and an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.85% at room temperature. It also demonstrates a critical current density 4.5 times higher compared to the NCM|SE|Cu cell.
{"title":"Regulating Li electrodeposition by constructing Cu–Sn nanotube thin layer for reliable and robust anode-free all-solid-state batteries","authors":"Jaeik Kim, Seungwoo Lee, Jeongheon Kim, Joonhyeok Park, Hyungjun Lee, Jiseok Kwon, Seho Sun, Junghyun Choi, Ungyu Paik, Taeseup Song","doi":"10.1002/cey2.610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.610","url":null,"abstract":"Anode-free all-solid-state batteries (AF-ASSBs) have received significant attention as a next-generation battery system due to their high energy density and safety. However, this system still faces challenges, such as poor Coulombic efficiency and short-circuiting caused by Li dendrite growth. In this study, the AF-ASSBs are demonstrated with reliable and robust electrochemical properties by employing Cu–Sn nanotube (NT) thin layer (~1 µm) on the Cu current collector for regulating Li electrodeposition. Li<sub><i>x</i></sub>Sn phases with high Li-ion diffusivity in the lithiated Cu–Sn NT layer enable facile Li diffusion along with its one-dimensional hollow geometry. The unique structure, in which Li electrodeposition takes place between the Cu–Sn NT layer and the current collector by the Coble creep mechanism, improves cell durability by preventing solid electrolyte (SE) decomposition and Li dendrite growth. Furthermore, the large surface area of the Cu–Sn NT layer ensures close contact with the SE layer, leading to a reduced lithiation overpotential compared to that of a flat Cu–Sn layer. The Cu–Sn NT layer also maintains its structural integrity owing to its high mechanical properties and porous nature, which could further alleviate the mechanical stress. The LiNi<sub>0.8</sub>Co<sub>0.1</sub>Mn<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (NCM)|SE|Cu–Sn NT@Cu cell with a practical capacity of 2.9 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup> exhibits 83.8% cycle retention after 150 cycles and an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.85% at room temperature. It also demonstrates a critical current density 4.5 times higher compared to the NCM|SE|Cu cell.","PeriodicalId":33706,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongqing Hao, Rui Tan, Chunchun Ye, Chee Tong John Low
The current collector is a crucial component in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitor setups, responsible for gathering electrons from electrode materials and directing them into the external circuit. However, as battery systems evolve and the demand for higher energy density increases, the limitations of traditional current collectors, such as high contact resistance and low corrosion resistance, have become increasingly evident. This review investigates the functions and challenges associated with current collectors in modern battery and supercapacitor systems, with a particular focus on using carbon coating methods to enhance their performance. Surface coating, known for its simplicity and wide applicability, emerges as a promising solution to address these challenges. The review provides a comprehensive overview of carbon-coated current collectors across various types of metal and nonmetal substrates in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, including a comparative analysis of coating materials and techniques. It also discusses methods for manufacturing carbon-coated current collectors and their practical implications for the industry. Furthermore, the review explores prospects and opportunities, highlighting the development of next-generation high-performance coatings and emphasizing the importance of advanced current collectors in optimizing energy device performance.
{"title":"Carbon-coated current collectors in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors: Materials, manufacture and applications","authors":"Hongqing Hao, Rui Tan, Chunchun Ye, Chee Tong John Low","doi":"10.1002/cey2.604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.604","url":null,"abstract":"The current collector is a crucial component in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitor setups, responsible for gathering electrons from electrode materials and directing them into the external circuit. However, as battery systems evolve and the demand for higher energy density increases, the limitations of traditional current collectors, such as high contact resistance and low corrosion resistance, have become increasingly evident. This review investigates the functions and challenges associated with current collectors in modern battery and supercapacitor systems, with a particular focus on using carbon coating methods to enhance their performance. Surface coating, known for its simplicity and wide applicability, emerges as a promising solution to address these challenges. The review provides a comprehensive overview of carbon-coated current collectors across various types of metal and nonmetal substrates in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, including a comparative analysis of coating materials and techniques. It also discusses methods for manufacturing carbon-coated current collectors and their practical implications for the industry. Furthermore, the review explores prospects and opportunities, highlighting the development of next-generation high-performance coatings and emphasizing the importance of advanced current collectors in optimizing energy device performance.","PeriodicalId":33706,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Myeong-Chang Sung, Chan Ho Kim, Byoungjoon Hwang, Dong-Wan Kim
Efficient electrocatalysis at the cathode is crucial to addressing the limited stability and low rate capability of Li−O2 batteries. This study examines the kinetic behavior of Li−O2 batteries utilizing layered perovskite LaSrCrO4 nanowires (NWs) composed of lower oxidation states. Layered perovskite LaSrCrO4 NWs exhibited improved rate capability over a wide range of current densities and longer cycle life in Li−O2 batteries than V-based layered perovskite (LaSrVO4) and simple perovskite (La0.8Sr0.2CrO3) NWs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical surface area analyses showed that the observed performance variations primarily stemmed from active sites such as oxygen vacancies. In situ Raman analysis showed that these active sites significantly modulate the kinetics of oxygen reduction and evolution, which are related to LiO2 intermediate adsorption. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the active sites in layered perovskite LaSrCrO4 NWs contributed to their high charge transfer capability and reduced polarization. This study presents an appealing method for the precise fabrication and analysis of Cr-based layered perovskites, aimed at achieving highly efficient and stable bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis.
{"title":"Rationalizing the catalytic surface area of oxygen vacancy-enriched layered perovskite LaSrCrO4 nanowires on oxygen electrocatalyst for enhanced performance of Li–O2 batteries","authors":"Myeong-Chang Sung, Chan Ho Kim, Byoungjoon Hwang, Dong-Wan Kim","doi":"10.1002/cey2.550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.550","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient electrocatalysis at the cathode is crucial to addressing the limited stability and low rate capability of Li−O<sub>2</sub> batteries. This study examines the kinetic behavior of Li−O<sub>2</sub> batteries utilizing layered perovskite LaSrCrO<sub>4</sub> nanowires (NWs) composed of lower oxidation states. Layered perovskite LaSrCrO<sub>4</sub> NWs exhibited improved rate capability over a wide range of current densities and longer cycle life in Li−O<sub>2</sub> batteries than V-based layered perovskite (LaSrVO<sub>4</sub>) and simple perovskite (La<sub>0.8</sub>Sr<sub>0.2</sub>CrO<sub>3</sub>) NWs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical surface area analyses showed that the observed performance variations primarily stemmed from active sites such as oxygen vacancies. In situ Raman analysis showed that these active sites significantly modulate the kinetics of oxygen reduction and evolution, which are related to LiO<sub>2</sub> intermediate adsorption. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the active sites in layered perovskite LaSrCrO<sub>4</sub> NWs contributed to their high charge transfer capability and reduced polarization. This study presents an appealing method for the precise fabrication and analysis of Cr-based layered perovskites, aimed at achieving highly efficient and stable bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis.","PeriodicalId":33706,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anbang Lu, Fei Wang, Zhendong Liu, Yuchen Wang, Yue Gu, Shuang Wang, Chong Ye, Quanbing Liu, Chengzhi Zhang, Jun Tan
The typical metal chloride-graphite intercalation compounds (MC-GICs) inherit intercalation capacity, high charge conductivity, and high tap density from graphite, and these are considered as one of the promising alternatives of graphite anode in rechargeable metal-ion batteries (MIBs). Notably, the special interlayer decoupling effects and the introduction of extra conversion capacity by metal chloride could greatly break the capacity limitation of graphite anodes and achieve higher energy density in MIBs. The optimization of both graphite host and metal chloride species with specific structures endows MC-GICs with design feasibility for different application requirements of different MIBs, such as several times the actual capacity compared to graphite anodes, rapid migration of large carriers, and other properties. Herein, a brief review has been provided with the latest understanding of conductivity characteristics and energy storage mechanisms of MC-GICs and their interesting performance features of full potential application in rechargeable MIBs. Based on the existing research of MC-GICs, necessary improvements and prospects in the near future have been put forward.
{"title":"Metal chloride-graphite intercalation compounds for rechargeable metal-ion batteries","authors":"Anbang Lu, Fei Wang, Zhendong Liu, Yuchen Wang, Yue Gu, Shuang Wang, Chong Ye, Quanbing Liu, Chengzhi Zhang, Jun Tan","doi":"10.1002/cey2.600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.600","url":null,"abstract":"The typical metal chloride-graphite intercalation compounds (MC-GICs) inherit intercalation capacity, high charge conductivity, and high tap density from graphite, and these are considered as one of the promising alternatives of graphite anode in rechargeable metal-ion batteries (MIBs). Notably, the special interlayer decoupling effects and the introduction of extra conversion capacity by metal chloride could greatly break the capacity limitation of graphite anodes and achieve higher energy density in MIBs. The optimization of both graphite host and metal chloride species with specific structures endows MC-GICs with design feasibility for different application requirements of different MIBs, such as several times the actual capacity compared to graphite anodes, rapid migration of large carriers, and other properties. Herein, a brief review has been provided with the latest understanding of conductivity characteristics and energy storage mechanisms of MC-GICs and their interesting performance features of full potential application in rechargeable MIBs. Based on the existing research of MC-GICs, necessary improvements and prospects in the near future have been put forward.","PeriodicalId":33706,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philipp Gerschel, Steven Angel, Mohaned Hammad, André Olean-Oliveira, Blaž Toplak, Vimanshu Chanda, Ricardo Martínez-Hincapié, Sebastian Sanden, Ali Raza Khan, Da Xing, Amin Said Amin, Hartmut Wiggers, Harry Hoster, Viktor Čolić, Corina Andronescu, Christof Schulz, Ulf-Peter Apfel, Doris Segets
Despite considerable efforts to develop electrolyzers for energy conversion, progress has been hindered during the implementation stage by different catalyst development requirements in academic and industrial research. Herein, a coherent workflow for the efficient transition of electrocatalysts from basic research to application readiness for the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction is proposed. To demonstrate this research approach, La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 is selected as a catalyst, and its electrocatalytic performance is compared with that of the benchmark material NiFe2O4. The La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 catalyst with the desired dispersity is successfully synthesized by scalable spray-flame synthesis. Subsequently, inks are formulated using different binders (Nafion®, Naf; Sustainion®, Sus), and nickel substrates are spray coated, ensuring a homogeneous catalyst distribution. Extensive electrochemical evaluations, including several scale-bridging techniques, highlight the efficiency of the La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 catalyst. Experiments using the scanning droplet cell (SDC) indicate good lateral homogeneity for La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 electrodes and NiFe2O4-Sus, while the NiFe2O4-Naf film suffers from delamination. Among the various half-cell techniques, SDC proves to be a valuable tool to quickly check whether a catalyst layer is suitable for full-cell-level testing and will be used for the fast-tracking of catalysts in the future. Complementary compression and flow cell experiments provide valuable information on the electrodes' behavior upon exposure to chemical and mechanical stress. Finally, parameters and conditions simulating industrial settings are applied using a zero-gap cell. Findings from various research fields across different scales obtained based on the developed coherent workflow contribute to a better understanding of the electrocatalytic system at the early stages of development and provide important insights for the evaluation of novel materials that are to be used in large-scale industrial applications.
{"title":"Determining materials for energy conversion across scales: The alkaline oxygen evolution reaction","authors":"Philipp Gerschel, Steven Angel, Mohaned Hammad, André Olean-Oliveira, Blaž Toplak, Vimanshu Chanda, Ricardo Martínez-Hincapié, Sebastian Sanden, Ali Raza Khan, Da Xing, Amin Said Amin, Hartmut Wiggers, Harry Hoster, Viktor Čolić, Corina Andronescu, Christof Schulz, Ulf-Peter Apfel, Doris Segets","doi":"10.1002/cey2.608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.608","url":null,"abstract":"Despite considerable efforts to develop electrolyzers for energy conversion, progress has been hindered during the implementation stage by different catalyst development requirements in academic and industrial research. Herein, a coherent workflow for the efficient transition of electrocatalysts from basic research to application readiness for the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction is proposed. To demonstrate this research approach, La<sub>0.8</sub>Sr<sub>0.2</sub>CoO<sub>3</sub> is selected as a catalyst, and its electrocatalytic performance is compared with that of the benchmark material NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. The La<sub>0.8</sub>Sr<sub>0.2</sub>CoO<sub>3</sub> catalyst with the desired dispersity is successfully synthesized by scalable spray-flame synthesis. Subsequently, inks are formulated using different binders (Nafion®, Naf; Sustainion®, Sus), and nickel substrates are spray coated, ensuring a homogeneous catalyst distribution. Extensive electrochemical evaluations, including several scale-bridging techniques, highlight the efficiency of the La<sub>0.8</sub>Sr<sub>0.2</sub>CoO<sub>3</sub> catalyst. Experiments using the scanning droplet cell (SDC) indicate good lateral homogeneity for La<sub>0.8</sub>Sr<sub>0.2</sub>CoO<sub>3</sub> electrodes and NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Sus, while the NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Naf film suffers from delamination. Among the various half-cell techniques, SDC proves to be a valuable tool to quickly check whether a catalyst layer is suitable for full-cell-level testing and will be used for the fast-tracking of catalysts in the future. Complementary compression and flow cell experiments provide valuable information on the electrodes' behavior upon exposure to chemical and mechanical stress. Finally, parameters and conditions simulating industrial settings are applied using a zero-gap cell. Findings from various research fields across different scales obtained based on the developed coherent workflow contribute to a better understanding of the electrocatalytic system at the early stages of development and provide important insights for the evaluation of novel materials that are to be used in large-scale industrial applications.","PeriodicalId":33706,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boran Kim, Hyunyoung Park, Hyun-Soo Kim, Jun Seo Lee, Jongsoon Kim, Won-Hee Ryu
Lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries are an emerging energy storage alternative with the potential to meet the recent increase in demand for high-energy-density batteries. From a practical viewpoint, lithium–air (Li–Air) batteries using ambient air instead of pure oxygen could be the final goal. However, the slow oxygen reduction and evolution reactions interfere with reversible cell operation during cycling. Therefore, research continues to explore various catalyst materials. The present study attempts to improve the performance of Li–Air batteries by using porphyrin-based materials known to have catalytic effects in Li–O2 batteries. The results confirm that the iron phthalocyanine (FePc) catalyst not only exhibits a catalytic effect in an air atmosphere with a low oxygen fraction but also suppresses electrolyte decomposition by stabilizing superoxide radical ions (O2−) at a high voltage range. Density functional theory calculations are used to gain insight into the exact FePc-mediated catalytic mechanism in Li–Air batteries, and various ex situ and in situ analyses reveal the reversible reactions and structural changes in FePc during electrochemical reaction. This study provides a practical solution to ultimately realize an air-breathing battery using nature-friendly catalyst materials.
{"title":"Unraveling reaction discrepancy and electrolyte stabilizing effects of auto-oxygenated porphyrin catalysts in lithium–oxygen and lithium–air cells","authors":"Boran Kim, Hyunyoung Park, Hyun-Soo Kim, Jun Seo Lee, Jongsoon Kim, Won-Hee Ryu","doi":"10.1002/cey2.587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.587","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium–oxygen (Li–O<sub>2</sub>) batteries are an emerging energy storage alternative with the potential to meet the recent increase in demand for high-energy-density batteries. From a practical viewpoint, lithium–air (Li–Air) batteries using ambient air instead of pure oxygen could be the final goal. However, the slow oxygen reduction and evolution reactions interfere with reversible cell operation during cycling. Therefore, research continues to explore various catalyst materials. The present study attempts to improve the performance of Li–Air batteries by using porphyrin-based materials known to have catalytic effects in Li–O<sub>2</sub> batteries. The results confirm that the iron phthalocyanine (FePc) catalyst not only exhibits a catalytic effect in an air atmosphere with a low oxygen fraction but also suppresses electrolyte decomposition by stabilizing superoxide radical ions (O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>) at a high voltage range. Density functional theory calculations are used to gain insight into the exact FePc-mediated catalytic mechanism in Li–Air batteries, and various ex situ and in situ analyses reveal the reversible reactions and structural changes in FePc during electrochemical reaction. This study provides a practical solution to ultimately realize an air-breathing battery using nature-friendly catalyst materials.","PeriodicalId":33706,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Back cover image: The ion transport properties of porous membrane materials are essential in numerous applications, and achieving synergistic enhancement of both permeability and selectivity remains a significant challenge. In the article number cey2.458, Zhu and co-workers reported a strategy to address this challenge by developing a charge-tunable nanofluidic membrane. Inserting chargetunable copolymers into GO membranes, effectively matches the charge density of the membrane with the pore size. This synergistic enhancement strategy led to a nearly 10-fold increase in osmotic energy generation, and it was expected to optimize the energy structure and promote the utilization and conversion of clean energy in the future.
封底图片：多孔膜材料的离子传输特性在众多应用中至关重要，而实现渗透性和选择性的协同增强仍是一项重大挑战。在cey2.458号文章中，Zhu及其合作者报告了一种通过开发电荷可调纳米流体膜来应对这一挑战的策略。在 GO 膜中插入电荷可调共聚物，可有效地使膜的电荷密度与孔径相匹配。这种协同增强策略使渗透能的产生增加了近10倍，有望在未来优化能源结构，促进清洁能源的利用和转化。
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Front cover image: Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to syngas (CO and H2) offers an efficient way to mitigate carbon emissions and store intermittent renewable energy in chemicals. However, it is tricky to produce an adjustable ratio of syngas due to the difficulty of maintaining a balance between CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In article number cey2.461, Zhang et al. prepare hierarchical one-dimensional/three-dimensional nitrogen-doped porous carbon (1D/3D NPC) by carbonizing the composite of Zn-MOF-74 crystals in situ grown on a commercial melamine sponge (MS). Benefiting from the unique spatial environment of 1D/3D NPC, the reaction kinetics is significantly improved by increasing specific surface areas, CO2 adsorption, mass transport, and facilitating electron transfer from the 3D N-doped carbon framework to 1D porous carbon. The bifunctional activity of N-doped carbon materials for CO2RR and HER is beneficial for regulating the balance between CO2RR and HER. The carbonizing temperatures can affect the distribution of N species and further dominate syngas composition ratios.
封面图片：电催化二氧化碳还原为合成气（CO 和 H2）为减少碳排放和将间歇性可再生能源储存在化学品中提供了一种有效方法。然而，由于难以保持二氧化碳还原反应（CO2RR）和竞争性氢进化反应（HER）之间的平衡，要生产出比例可调的合成气十分困难。在cey2.461号文章中，Zhang等人通过对在商用三聚氰胺海绵（MS）上原位生长的Zn-MOF-74晶体复合材料进行碳化，制备了分层的一维/三维掺氮多孔碳（1D/3D NPC）。得益于 1D/3D NPC 独特的空间环境，通过增加比表面积、二氧化碳吸附、质量传输以及促进电子从三维掺氮碳框架转移到一维多孔碳，反应动力学得到了显著改善。掺杂 N 的碳材料对 CO2RR 和 HER 的双功能活性有利于调节 CO2RR 和 HER 之间的平衡。碳化温度会影响 N 物种的分布，并进一步主导合成气成分比。
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