The effect of workplace mobility on air pollution exposure inequality – a case study in the Central Belt of Scotland

Tomas Liska, Mathew R Heal, Chun Lin, Massimo Vieno, E. Carnell, Samuel Tomlinson, Miranda Loh, Stefan Reis
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Abstract

A large number of epidemiological studies have identified air pollution as a major risk to human health. Exposures to the pollutants PM2.5, NO2 and O3 cause cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, cancer and premature mortality. Whilst previous studies have reported demographic inequalities in exposure, with the most deprived and susceptible often being disproportionately exposed to the highest pollutant concentrations, the vast majority of these studies have quantified exposure based only on individuals’ place of residence. Here we use anonymised personal data from UK Census 2011, and hourly modelled air pollution concentrations at 0.8 km × 1.4 km spatial resolution in the Central Belt of Scotland, to investigate how inclusion of time spent at place of work or study affects demographic inequalities in exposure. We split the population by sex, ethnic group, age and socio-economic status. Exposure gradients are observed across all demographic characteristics. Air pollution exposures of males are more affected by workplace exposures than females. The White ethnic group has the lowest exposures to NO2 and PM2.5, and highest to O3. Exposures to NO2 and PM2.5 tend to peak between the ages of 21 and 30, but those aged 31 to 50 tend to be most impacted by the inclusion of time spent at workplace in the exposure assessment. People in the two least deprived deciles consistently have the lowest residential-only and combined residential-workplace exposure to NO2 and PM2.5, but experience the highest increase in exposure when including workplace. Overall, including workplace exposure results in relatively small change in median exposure but attenuates some of the exposure inequalities associated with ethnicity and socioeconomic status observed in exposure assessments based only on place of residence.
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工作场所流动性对空气污染暴露不平等的影响--苏格兰中央地带的案例研究
大量流行病学研究表明,空气污染是人类健康的主要风险。接触污染物 PM2.5、二氧化氮和臭氧会导致心血管和呼吸系统疾病、癌症和过早死亡。虽然以前的研究报告了人口暴露的不平等现象,最贫困和最易受影响的人群往往不成比例地暴露在污染物浓度最高的环境中,但这些研究中的绝大多数仅根据个人的居住地对暴露进行量化。在此,我们利用英国 2011 年人口普查中的匿名个人数据,以及苏格兰中央地带 0.8 千米 × 1.4 千米空间分辨率下的每小时空气污染浓度模型,来研究在工作或学习地点花费的时间对人口暴露不平等的影响。我们按性别、种族、年龄和社会经济地位对人口进行了划分。在所有人口特征中都观察到了暴露梯度。与女性相比,男性受到工作场所空气污染的影响更大。白种人的二氧化氮和 PM2.5 暴露量最低,而臭氧暴露量最高。对 NO2 和 PM2.5 的暴露往往在 21 岁至 30 岁之间达到峰值,但 31 岁至 50 岁的人往往受将工作场所时间纳入暴露评估的影响最大。两个最贫困十分位组中的人的二氧化氮和 PM2.5 住宅暴露量和住宅-工作场所综合暴露量一直都是最低的,但如果将工作场所也包括在内,他们的暴露量会增加得最多。总体而言,纳入工作场所暴露会导致暴露中位数的相对较小变化,但会减弱在仅基于居住地的暴露评估中观察到的一些与种族和社会经济地位相关的暴露不平等。
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