Advancement in the treatment, genetic understanding, and diagnostic approaches for retinoblastoma

Abstract

The most common intraocular tumor in children is retinoblastoma. In developed countries, there has been an impressive rise in the survival rate and visual outcome of patients with retinoblastoma. This is clarified by developments in retinoblastoma treatment and early detection of tumors. The primary therapy remedy for intraocular retinoblastoma is now chemotherapy along with adjuvant consolidative treatment, instead of external beam radiation. Likewise, prophylactic chemotherapy is now allowed to treat potential micro metastases in enucleated eyes based on the identification of high-risk histopathological factors. Extra ocular retinoblastoma still has a poor future outcome; chances of survival have been reported to be between 50% and 70%. Retinoblastoma patients' overall survival is still struggling in developing countries, mostly because of delayed presentation and greater risk of extra ocular illness while compared to with the developed world, where intraocular disease contributes to majority of cases. To enhance the survival rate for those with retinoblastoma in developing countries, greater priority must be given to early detection of tumors. We provide a summary of the latest clinical management of retinoblastoma in this article.