Ore-forming material sources of the Pakbeng gold deposit, Laos: Evidence from fluid inclusions, H-O-S isotopes, and trace elements

Hong Liu , Shuyi Dong , Yinglei Liu , Xiaoyu Lin , Yuhan Liu , Hu Wang , Yu Zhao , Jie Zhang , Xuexing Xie
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Abstract

The Pakbeng gold deposit, located at the junction of the eastern Tethys and western Pacific tectonic domains, is part of the Phôngsali-Luang Prabang-Sayaboury polymetallic metallogenic belt. Its gold ore bodies are predominantly governed by fault structures, being vein-like and short-axis-veined in shape. The Pakbeng gold deposit primarily exhibits two types of mineralized alterations: the quartz-vein type and the schistositized altered rock type. The ore bodies are primarily distributed within cataclastic granites and altered andesite plutons, near their contact zone. The ore-forming process can be divided into four stages: quartz + rutile + pyrite (stage I), quartz + pyrite + coarse-grained arsenopyrite (stage II), quartz + polymetallic sulfides + native gold (stage III), and calcite + quartz (stage IV). Native gold primarily occurs as invisible gold in the quartz and pyrite of stages I and II, and as enclosed, intergranular, and interstitial gold within the quartz, pyrite, and other metal sulfides of stage III. The ore-forming materials of the Pakbeng gold deposit primarily originate from plagioclase granites and altered andesites, as indicated by investigations of gold-bearing quartz fluid inclusions, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, the trace-element composition of pyrite, and in situ sulfur isotopes. The sulfur in the deposit is mainly derived from metamorphic sources, supplemented by late magmatic sulfur. The ore-forming fluids in the deposit were dominated by metamorphic fluids in the early stage, with magmatic fluids participating in the late stage. While ascending, the temperature of the ore-forming fluids decreased due to fluid boiling and mixing, but their salinity increased slightly. The ore-forming fluids exhibited a consistent decrease in homogenization temperatures from stages I to IV, with salinity initially increasing and then decreasing. This suggests that the ore-forming fluids are low-temperature, medium to low-salinity and low-density fluids.

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老挝帕克本金矿床的成矿物质来源:来自流体包裹体、H-O-S 同位素和微量元素的证据
Pakbeng 金矿床位于东特提斯构造域和西太平洋构造域的交界处,是 Phôngsali-Luang Prabang-Sayaboury 多金属成矿带的一部分。其金矿体主要受断层构造控制,呈脉状和短轴脉状。Pakbeng 金矿床主要有两种矿化蚀变类型:石英脉型和片岩沉积蚀变岩型。矿体主要分布在 cataclastic 花岗岩和蚀变安山岩岩体的接触带附近。成矿过程可分为四个阶段:石英+金红石+黄铁矿(第一阶段)、石英+黄铁矿+粗粒砷黄铁矿(第二阶段)、石英+多金属硫化物+原生金(第三阶段)和方解石+石英(第四阶段)。原生金主要以隐形金的形式出现在第一和第二阶段的石英和黄铁矿中,以封闭金、晶间金和间隙金的形式出现在第三阶段的石英、黄铁矿和其他金属硫化物中。对含金石英流体包裹体、氢和氧同位素、黄铁矿痕量元素组成以及原位硫同位素的研究表明,帕克本金矿床的成矿物质主要来自斜长花岗岩和蚀变安山岩。矿床中的硫主要来自变质源,后期岩浆硫作为补充。矿床中的成矿流体在早期阶段以变质流体为主,在晚期阶段岩浆流体也参与其中。在上升过程中,成矿流体的温度因流体沸腾和混合而降低,但盐度略有上升。从第一阶段到第四阶段,成矿流体的均质化温度持续下降,盐度先上升后下降。这表明成矿流体属于低温、中低盐度和低密度流体。
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