Health and environmental benefits of phytochemicals and antibacterial effectiveness of Cola nitida seed extracts on Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli

Abstract

Finding the phytochemical components of Cola nitida seeds and assessing the extracts' antibacterial properties against Salmonella typhi and E. coli were the main objectives of the current investigation. The bacteria (Salmonella typhi and E. coli) were taken from Usmanu Danfodiyo University's Teaching Hospital in Sokoto and were confirmed by a biochemical test. The extract of bitter kola (Cola nitida) was gathered from the Sokoto Old Market, Sokoto South Local Government, Sokoto. the flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, steroid, volatile oil, balsam, and saponin glycosides that make up phytochemicals. The Agar well diffusion method was utilised to assess the test bacteria's sensitivity to the extracts. The concentrations of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) were ascertained. The result of this study has shown that the extract of Bitter kola (Cola nitida) contained phytochemical components. Components at high concentration include glycosides, alkaloids and volatile oil. While the components observed at moderate concentration includes tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and balsams. The trace/low concentration component is cardiac glycosides. The result of the antibacterial activity has shown that methanolic extracts of Cola nitida seeds had a range zone of inhibition from 27.0mm to 19.5 mm at 150 mg/l -50mg/l concentration against Salmonella typhi, which shows a great zone of inhibition very close to the control antibiotics, while E. coli had inhibition zone from 19.0 -12.0 mg/l at 150 – 50 mg/l which shows moderate inhibition zone. All the tested strain shows a definite MIC and MBC activity which ranges from 8.5 to 3.5 mg/ml. The result confirmed the antibacterial activity of Cola nitida