Subjectness of Intelligence: Quantum-Theoretic Analysis and Ethical Perspective

IF 0.9 4区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI:10.1007/s10699-024-09947-y
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Abstract

Recent developments in artificial intelligence urge clarification of its ethical and legal status. The issue revolves around the concept of subjectness, distinguishing active and responsible conduct from inert performance. We analyze this notion from a physical viewpoint, building on the quantum-theoretic refinement of the concept of uncertainty into quantum and classical types: quantum uncertainty refers to an objective freedom to construct the future, while classical uncertainty denotes subjective ignorance of present states of nature. Subjectness of intelligence is then defined by the kind of uncertainty it is capable to resolve. To analyze different aspects of intelligence, quantum-inspired definitions of decision, subjectness, originality, and meaning are introduced on this basis. These concepts are first calibrated on natural intelligence and then applied to artificial systems, classified as classical and quantum. Classical AI then appears fundamentally alien to subjectness due to its algorithmic nature, limited to the resolution of classical uncertainty. Quantum AI, in contrast, breaks this limit by hosting some degree of proto-subjectness on the level of elementary particles, involved in its operation. Fundamentally, our approach tracks alternative views on subjectness of intelligence to the interpretations of quantum randomness, identifying both as different sides of the same ethical dilemma. Quantum physics then provides fertile ground for possible solutions, aligned with Eastern and Western views on freedom and constraint, subject and context in social life. These results offer a scientific approach to the controversial challenges of socio-technological development, integrating physical and humanitarian perspectives.

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智能的主体性:量子理论分析与伦理视角
摘 要 人工智能的最新发展促使人们澄清其伦理和法律地位。这个问题围绕着主体性概念展开,将积极负责的行为与惰性表现区分开来。我们以量子理论为基础,将不确定性概念细化为量子和经典两种类型,从物理学角度分析了这一概念:量子不确定性指的是构建未来的客观自由,而经典不确定性指的是对当前自然状态的主观无知。因此,智能的主体性是由它能够解决的不确定性类型来定义的。为了分析智能的不同方面,我们在此基础上引入了量子启发的决策、主体性、原创性和意义的定义。这些概念首先在自然智能中进行校准,然后应用于人工系统,分为经典和量子两类。经典人工智能由于其算法性质,仅限于解决经典的不确定性,因此从根本上与主体性格格不入。与此相反,量子人工智能打破了这一限制,在基本粒子的层面上承载了一定程度的原主体性,并参与其运作。从根本上说,我们的方法将智能主体性的其他观点与量子随机性的解释联系起来,将两者视为同一伦理困境的不同侧面。量子物理学为可能的解决方案提供了肥沃的土壤,与东西方关于社会生活中自由与约束、主体与背景的观点相一致。这些成果为应对社会技术发展的争议性挑战提供了一种科学方法,将物理和人道主义观点融为一体。
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来源期刊
Foundations of Science
Foundations of Science HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE-
CiteScore
2.60
自引率
11.10%
发文量
51
期刊介绍: Foundations of Science focuses on methodological and philosophical topics of foundational significance concerning the structure and the growth of science. It serves as a forum for exchange of views and ideas among working scientists and theorists of science and it seeks to promote interdisciplinary cooperation. Since the various scientific disciplines have become so specialized and inaccessible to workers in different areas of science, one of the goals of the journal is to present the foundational issues of science in a way that is free from unnecessary technicalities yet faithful to the scientific content. The aim of the journal is not simply to identify and highlight foundational issues and problems, but to suggest constructive solutions to the problems. The editors of the journal admit that various sciences have approaches and methods that are peculiar to those individual sciences. However, they hold the view that important truths can be discovered about and by the sciences and that truths transcend cultural and political contexts. Although properly conducted historical and sociological inquiries can explain some aspects of the scientific enterprise, the editors believe that the central foundational questions of contemporary science can be posed and answered without recourse to sociological or historical methods.
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