Attachment, defense mechanisms and early maladaptive schemas in dreams

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED European Review of Applied Psychology-Revue Europeenne De Psychologie Appliquee Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI:10.1016/j.erap.2024.100986

L. Nadeau, O. Laverdière, V. Simard, T. Beaulieu-Tremblay

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Abstract

Introduction

Dream activity has been associated with individuals’ characteristics, such as attachment and emotional processing (Levin & Nielsen, 2009; McNamara et al., 2014). Relational schemas are frequent in dreams and could express early maladaptive schemas (EMS; Young et al., 2003). Sparse empirical studies suggest that attachment insecurity may be associated to dreams’ content, but none links attachment to EMS nor explore defense mechanisms as an index of affect regulation.

Objective

The goal of this study was to contrast profiles of early maladaptive schemas (EMS) in different dream types (recent, recurring, and disturbing) and to explore their associations to attachment and primitive defenses.

Method

An online questionnaire was completed by 217 participants in which dream narratives were collected. Participants also completed questionnaires to assess attachment insecurity and defenses maturity. Two judges coded narratives by using the Schema-Related Dream Coding System.

Results

Profile analyses revealed more frequent EMS in recurring and disturbing dreams, independently of attachment insecurities. Multiple regression analyses indicated that insecure attachment and primitive defenses are both associated with vulnerable representations in disturbing dreams.

Conclusion

Relational representations differ according to dream types. Moreover, those EMS are associated with core dimensions of psychological functioning. This study suggests ways to understand vulnerability representations expressed in dreams of individuals presenting relational and emotional difficulties.

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梦中的依恋、防御机制和早期适应不良模式

导言：梦境活动与个体特征有关，如依恋和情感处理（Levin & Nielsen, 2009; McNamara et al.）梦中经常出现关系图式，可能表达早期适应不良图式（EMS；Young 等人，2003 年）。稀少的实证研究表明，依恋的不安全感可能与梦的内容有关，但没有任何研究将依恋与EMS联系起来，也没有研究将防御机制作为情感调节的指标。217 名参与者填写了一份在线问卷，其中收集了梦境叙述，参与者还填写了评估依恋不安全感和防御成熟度的问卷。结果档案分析表明，与依恋不安全感无关，EMS在反复出现的梦境和令人不安的梦境中出现的频率更高。多元回归分析表明，不安全依恋和原始防御都与干扰梦中的脆弱表征有关。此外，这些 EMS 与心理功能的核心维度相关。本研究提出了一些方法来理解那些在梦中表现出人际关系和情感障碍的人的脆弱表征。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

European Review of Applied Psychology-Revue Europeenne De Psychologie Appliquee PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED-

CiteScore

2.20

自引率

20.00%

发文量

期刊介绍： The aim of the Revue européenne de Psychologie appliquée / European Review of Applied Psychology is to promote high-quality applications of psychology to all areas of specialization, and to foster exchange among researchers and professionals. Its policy is to attract a wide range of contributions, including empirical research, overviews of target issues, case studies, descriptions of instruments for research and diagnosis, and theoretical work related to applied psychology. In all cases, authors will refer to published and verificable facts, whether established in the study being reported or in earlier publications.