Zhiqiang Ren , Shumei Liu , Yisheng An , Yonghui Li , Naiqi Wu
{"title":"A blockchain-based data storage architecture for Internet of Vehicles: Delay-aware consensus and data query algorithms","authors":"Zhiqiang Ren , Shumei Liu , Yisheng An , Yonghui Li , Naiqi Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2024.100772","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The recent development of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) relies heavily on the secure store and analysis of reliable driving data. Blockchain technology has been widely used in the IoV field due to its security advantages, where consensus and query algorithms are two key modules determining its performance. However, existing solutions do not perform well enough in terms of delay performance, thus limiting their ability to support IoV environments with ultra-low-latency requirements. To address this challenge, we design a blockchain-based data storage architecture, focusing on the design of delay-aware consensus and data query algorithms. Specifically, to reduce the consensus delay, we propose a reputation-assisted and grouping-simplified Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant (RGS-PBFT) algorithm. First, we develop a novel node credit value evaluation model by combining the behavior and configuration reputation to select the primary node with both high security and high computing capacity. Second, after determining the primary node, we reduce the communication complexity of traditional PBFT from <span><math><mi>O</mi><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></math></span> to <span><math><mi>O</mi><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></mfrac></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></math></span> by establishing a grouping-simplified consensus structure. These contributions effectively reduce the consensus delay. To reduce the query delay and index construction time, we propose an index query algorithm based on the data tracking chain (DTC-Index query). By introducing the LevelDB database, it establishes a transaction index chain coupled to vehicle ID in the blockchain. This approach avoids the time-consuming block traversal during data querying. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms outperform existing solutions, achieving significant improvements in both consensus delay and query time reduction. Notably, our solutions offer exceptional delay performance, making them well-suited for IoV environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54346,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Vehicular Communications","FirstCategoryId":"94","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214209624000470","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"TELECOMMUNICATIONS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The recent development of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) relies heavily on the secure store and analysis of reliable driving data. Blockchain technology has been widely used in the IoV field due to its security advantages, where consensus and query algorithms are two key modules determining its performance. However, existing solutions do not perform well enough in terms of delay performance, thus limiting their ability to support IoV environments with ultra-low-latency requirements. To address this challenge, we design a blockchain-based data storage architecture, focusing on the design of delay-aware consensus and data query algorithms. Specifically, to reduce the consensus delay, we propose a reputation-assisted and grouping-simplified Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant (RGS-PBFT) algorithm. First, we develop a novel node credit value evaluation model by combining the behavior and configuration reputation to select the primary node with both high security and high computing capacity. Second, after determining the primary node, we reduce the communication complexity of traditional PBFT from to by establishing a grouping-simplified consensus structure. These contributions effectively reduce the consensus delay. To reduce the query delay and index construction time, we propose an index query algorithm based on the data tracking chain (DTC-Index query). By introducing the LevelDB database, it establishes a transaction index chain coupled to vehicle ID in the blockchain. This approach avoids the time-consuming block traversal during data querying. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms outperform existing solutions, achieving significant improvements in both consensus delay and query time reduction. Notably, our solutions offer exceptional delay performance, making them well-suited for IoV environments.
期刊介绍:
Vehicular communications is a growing area of communications between vehicles and including roadside communication infrastructure. Advances in wireless communications are making possible sharing of information through real time communications between vehicles and infrastructure. This has led to applications to increase safety of vehicles and communication between passengers and the Internet. Standardization efforts on vehicular communication are also underway to make vehicular transportation safer, greener and easier.
The aim of the journal is to publish high quality peer–reviewed papers in the area of vehicular communications. The scope encompasses all types of communications involving vehicles, including vehicle–to–vehicle and vehicle–to–infrastructure. The scope includes (but not limited to) the following topics related to vehicular communications:
Vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communications
Channel modelling, modulating and coding
Congestion Control and scalability issues
Protocol design, testing and verification
Routing in vehicular networks
Security issues and countermeasures
Deployment and field testing
Reducing energy consumption and enhancing safety of vehicles
Wireless in–car networks
Data collection and dissemination methods
Mobility and handover issues
Safety and driver assistance applications
UAV
Underwater communications
Autonomous cooperative driving
Social networks
Internet of vehicles
Standardization of protocols.