Preparation of superparamagnetic AC/Fe3O4/TiO2 nanoparticles from magnetic waste oily petroleum sludge (MWOPS): comprehensive characterization, H2 production, design batch photoreactor, and treatment of oily petroleum wastewater (OPW) under UVA light

IF 5.5 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Carbon Letters Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI:10.1007/s42823-024-00711-7

Saeedeh Rastgar, Hassan Rezaei, Habibollah Younesi, Hajar Abyar

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Abstract

The intensive development of the petrochemical industry globally reflects the necessity of an efficient approach for oily sludge and wastewater. Hence, for the first time, the current study utilized magnetic waxy diesel sludge (MWOPS) to synthesize activated carbon coated with TiO₂ particles for the removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and COD from oily petroleum wastewater (OPW). The photocatalyst was characterized using CHNOS, elemental analysis was performed using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), Raman, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), MAP thermo-gravimetric analysis/differential thermo-gravimetric (TGA–DTG), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The optimization of synthesized highly porous AC/Fe₃O₄/TiO₂ photocatalyst was conducted considering the impacts of pH, temperature, photocatalyst dosage, and UVA_6W exposure time. The results demonstrated the high capacity of the MWOPS with inherent magnetic potential and desired carbon content for the removal of 91% and 93% of TPH and COD, respectively. The optimum conditions for the OPW treatment were obtained at pH 6.5, photocatalyst dosage of 250 mg, temperature of 35 °C, and UVA_6W exposure time of 67.5 min. Moreover, the isotherm/kinetic modeling illustrated simultaneous physisorption and chemisorption on heterogeneous and multilayer surfaces. Notably, the adsorption efficiency of the AC/Fe₃O₄/TiO₂ decreased by 4% after five adsorption/desorption cycles. Accordingly, the application of a well-designed pioneering photocatalyst from the MWOPS provides a cost-effective approach for industry manufacturers for oily wastewater treatment.

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从磁性含油石油废渣（MWOPS）中制备超顺磁性 AC/Fe3O4/TiO2 纳米颗粒：综合表征、H2 产出、设计批量光反应器以及在 UVA 光下处理含油石油废水（OPW）

全球石化工业的蓬勃发展表明，必须采用高效的方法处理含油污泥和废水。因此，本研究首次利用磁性蜡状柴油污泥（MWOPS）合成涂有 TiO2 颗粒的活性炭，用于去除含油石油废水（OPW）中的总石油烃（TPH）和 COD。光催化剂的表征采用 CHNOS，元素分析采用 X 射线荧光光谱仪 (XRF)、场发射扫描电子显微镜 (FESEM)、高分辨率透射电子显微镜 (HR-TEM)、X 射线衍射分析 (XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪 (FTIR)、拉曼光谱、能量色散 X 射线光谱（EDX）、X 射线光电子能谱（XPS）、MAP 热重分析/差热重（TGA-DTG）、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller（BET）、漫反射光谱（DRS）和振动样品磁力计（VSM）。考虑到 pH 值、温度、光催化剂用量和 UVA6W 曝光时间的影响，对合成的高多孔 AC/Fe3O4/TiO2 光催化剂进行了优化。结果表明，具有固有磁势和理想碳含量的 MWOPS 具有很高的处理能力，对 TPH 和 COD 的去除率分别达到 91% 和 93%。在 pH 值为 6.5、光催化剂用量为 250 毫克、温度为 35 °C、UVA6W 曝光时间为 67.5 分钟时，获得了 OPW 处理的最佳条件。此外，等温线/动力学模型显示了在异质和多层表面上同时存在物理吸附和化学吸附。值得注意的是，AC/Fe3O4/TiO2 的吸附效率在五个吸附/解吸循环后降低了 4%。因此，应用 MWOPS 精心设计的开创性光催化剂，为工业制造商处理含油废水提供了一种经济有效的方法。

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来源期刊

Carbon Letters CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

CiteScore

7.30

自引率

20.00%

发文量

118

期刊介绍： Carbon Letters aims to be a comprehensive journal with complete coverage of carbon materials and carbon-rich molecules. These materials range from, but are not limited to, diamond and graphite through chars, semicokes, mesophase substances, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphenes, carbon blacks, activated carbons, pyrolytic carbons, glass-like carbons, etc. Papers on the secondary production of new carbon and composite materials from the above mentioned various carbons are within the scope of the journal. Papers on organic substances, including coals, will be considered only if the research has close relation to the resulting carbon materials. Carbon Letters also seeks to keep abreast of new developments in their specialist fields and to unite in finding alternative energy solutions to current issues such as the greenhouse effect and the depletion of the ozone layer. The renewable energy basics, energy storage and conversion, solar energy, wind energy, water energy, nuclear energy, biomass energy, hydrogen production technology, and other clean energy technologies are also within the scope of the journal. Carbon Letters invites original reports of fundamental research in all branches of the theory and practice of carbon science and technology.