Empirical Green’s function analysis of some induced earthquake pairs from the Groningen gas field

IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Journal of Seismology Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI:10.1007/s10950-024-10204-9
Steve Oates, Jelena Schmitz, Brian Zurek, Thomas Piesold, Ewoud van Dedem
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Abstract

We have applied the empirical Green’s function (EGF) method to 53 pairs of earthquakes, with magnitudes ranging from M = 0.4 to M = 3.4, induced by gas production from the Groningen field in the Netherlands. For a subset of the events processed, we find that the relative source time functions obtained by the EGF deconvolution show clear indications of a horizontal component of rupture propagation. The earthquake monitoring network used has dense azimuthal coverage for nearly all events such that wavelet duration times can be picked as a function of source-station azimuth and inverted using the usual Doppler broadening model to estimate rupture propagation strike, distance, and velocity. Average slip velocities have also been estimated and found to be in agreement with typical published values. We have used synthetic data, from both a simple convolutional model of the seismogram and more sophisticated finite difference rupture simulations, to validate our data processing workflow and develop kinematic models which can explain the observed characteristics of the field data. Using a measure based on the L1-norm to discriminate results of differing quality, we find that the highest quality results show very good alignment of the rupture propagation with directions of the detailed fault map, obtained from the full-field 3D seismic data. The dip direction rupture extents were estimated from the horizontal rupture propagation distances and catalogue magnitudes showing that, for all but the largest magnitude event (the M = 3.4 event of 8th January 2018), the dip-direction extent is sufficiently small to be contained wholly within the reservoir.

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格罗宁根气田一些诱发地震对的经验格林函数分析
我们将经验格林函数(EGF)方法应用于荷兰格罗宁根气田天然气生产诱发的 53 对地震,震级从 M = 0.4 到 M = 3.4 不等。对于处理过的部分地震事件,我们发现通过 EGF 解卷积得到的相对震源时间函数清楚地显示了断裂传播的水平成分。所使用的地震监测网络几乎覆盖了所有事件的密集方位角,因此可以根据震源站方位角的函数选取小波持续时间,并使用通常的多普勒展宽模型进行反演,以估计断裂传播的走向、距离和速度。我们还估算了平均滑移速度,发现与已公布的典型值一致。我们使用了来自地震图简单卷积模型和更复杂的有限差分破裂模拟的合成数据,以验证我们的数据处理工作流程,并开发出能够解释观测到的现场数据特征的运动学模型。通过使用基于 L1-正则的测量方法来区分不同质量的结果,我们发现质量最高的结果显示了破裂传播与从全场三维地震数据中获得的详细断层图的方向非常吻合。根据水平断裂传播距离和目录震级估算出的倾角方向断裂范围显示,除最大震级事件(2018 年 1 月 8 日发生的 M = 3.4 事件)外,其他所有事件的倾角方向范围都很小,足以完全包含在储层中。
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来源期刊
Journal of Seismology
Journal of Seismology 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
3.30
自引率
6.20%
发文量
67
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Journal of Seismology is an international journal specialising in all observational and theoretical aspects related to earthquake occurrence. Research topics may cover: seismotectonics, seismicity, historical seismicity, seismic source physics, strong ground motion studies, seismic hazard or risk, engineering seismology, physics of fault systems, triggered and induced seismicity, mining seismology, volcano seismology, earthquake prediction, structural investigations ranging from local to regional and global studies with a particular focus on passive experiments.
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