Strategies for Combatting Brucellosis: A Review on Control and Prevention in Bovines

Abstract

Brucellosis, a widespread zoonotic disease, causes substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Office International des Epizooties recommend strategies for control, but only three countries achieved freedom from animal brucellosis after decades-long programs. Notably, the absence of a human vaccine underscores the critical interconnection between human and bovine brucellosis. The WHO recognizes the urgency of developing a human vaccine and implementing robust control programs to address this public health threat. Developing countries face challenges in implementing these strategies due to limited resources, making the control of brucellosis a complex and resource-intensive project. This study reviews brucellosis control or eradication programs worldwide, emphasizing the need for effective strategies in developing countries. Despite the resource-intensive nature of control efforts, well-designed programs have proven economically effective. Delving into the intricate landscape of this disease, the article examines a spectrum of measures including vaccination, testing, surveillance, biosecurity and public awareness campaigns. The analysis covers the importance of the One-Health approach and recognizes the interconnectedness of bovine and human health in the context of this zoonotic disease. The synthesis of current knowledge not only highlights the diverse strategy options available but also emphasizes the ongoing challenges that require continuous adaptation. This review provides a valuable source for researchers, policymakers and practitioners engaged in the global effort to mitigate the impact of brucellosis on both animal welfare and public health.